heard afterwards that they captured anyone they found out and kept them in one of the kivas till the day of the public ceremony. At any rate, I found that everybody took care to be indoors on this night between certain hours. The mysteries of the different secret orders are not known to outsiders, not even if members of the tribe.[344] [Illustration: HORNED RATTLESNAKE, CROTALUS CERASTES Commonly called “Sidewinder” because of its sidling motion. Inhabits desert plains and valleys of Southern Arizona, California, and Nevada, and south-western Utah. One killed by the author in 1875 was about three ft. long. The rattlesnake was identified with religious ceremonials of most of the tribes from Ohio to Central America ] Photographs and paintings were considered “bad-medicine” by most tribes, and I had no success whatever in persuading the Mokis to pose for me when I was there. One who finally consented ran away when it came to the test. I was permitted to use my snap-camera and to sketch buildings freely, but when it came to painting persons they rebelled. They believed that the possessor of a likeness held power over the person represented. [Illustration: THE OKEEPA CEREMONY OF THE MANDANS, LASTING FOUR DAYS “A number of the young men are seen (inside the Mystery Lodge) reclining and fasting ... others are yet seen in the midst of those horrid cruelties. One is seen smiling whilst the knife and the splints are passing through his flesh. One is seen hanging by the splints run through the flesh on his shoulders and drawn up by men on the top of the lodge. Another is seen hung up by the pectoral muscles with four buffalo skulls attached to splints through the flesh on his arms and legs; and each is turned round by another with a pole till he faints, etc.”—Catlin’s _Eight Years_, vol. i; also _Smithsonian Report_, 1895, p. 362 From a painting by George Catlin, 1832 ] [Illustration: THE SACRED POLE OF THE OMAHA Now in the Peabody Museum ]