Grown from seeds, cuttings and layers. Cuttings usually make better plants than layers. The deciduous species are usually grown from hard-wood cuttings, but the evergreen kinds are started under glass, from cuttings of the growing or ripened wood. The small and weak kinds are grafted on the stronger ones. The evergreen species will grow upon the deciduous kinds. =Eupatorium.= _Compositæ._ Cuttings of the growing wood, under glass in early spring, is the common method of propagation. Seeds can also be used for some species. =Euphorbia=, including Poinsettia (Spurge). _Euphorbiaceæ._ By seeds, especially the annual species. The perennial shrubby sorts are increased by cuttings in a strong heat. Some species are propagated by divisions. =Eurya.= _Ternstrœmiaceæ._ Propagated by soft cuttings, inserted in sand under a glass in heat. =Eurycles.= _Amaryllideæ._ Offsets or bulbels, in spring. =Eurybia.= See Olearia. =Eustylis.= See Nemastylis. =Euterpe.= _Palmæ._ Seeds in heat. =Eutoca.= See Phacelia. =Evening Primrose.= See Œnothera. =Exacum.= _Gentianeæ._ Seeds should be sown in spring, in bottom heat. =Exochorda.= _Rosaceæ._ Grown from seeds, layers, cuttings and suckers. Seeds are difficult to procure. Layering in June is a common practice. Various kinds of cuttings are employed, but the best results follow short, soft cuttings, taken from forced plants and set deep in shallow flats of sand. They require a very strong bottom heat, a close frame, and the water should be applied in a spray upon the foliage. Cuttings are sometimes grafted upon pieces of roots. It is regarded as a difficult plant to propagate. =Fabiana.= _Solanaceæ._ Readily increased by seeds and cuttings. =Fagus= (Beech). _Cupuliferæ._ Commonly grown from the nuts, which should be stratified and sown very early in spring. They may be sown immediately after they are gathered, if they can be protected from vermin. The named varieties are grafted upon the European or American species. =Fair Maids of France.= See Ranunculus. =Fan-palm.= See Livistona. =Farfugium.= See Senecio. =Fedia.= See Patrinia. =Felicia.= _Compositæ._ Propagated by seeds, or by cuttings inserted in sandy soil, under a glass. =Fennel= (_Fœniculum_, various species). _Umbelliferæ._ Seeds, usually in spring. =Fennel Flower.= See Nigella. =Fenugreek= (_Trigonella Fœnum-Græcum_). _Leguminosæ._ Propagated by seeds. =Fenzlia.= See Gilia. =Ferns.= _Filices._