The Ocean World: Being a Description of the Sea and Its Living Inhabitants.Figuier, Louis
Science
The Ocean World: Being a Description of the Sea and Its Living Inhabitants.
Figuier, Louis
Marine animals; Ocean
The body of these animals is cylindrical in form, terminating beneath in
a muscular disk, which is generally large and distinct, enabling them to
cling vigorously to foreign bodies. It terminates above in an upper
disk, bearing many rows of tentacles, which differ from each other only
in their size. These tentacles are sometimes decorated with brilliant
colours, forming a species of collarette, consisting of contractile and
often retractile tubes, pierced at their points with an orifice, whence
issue jets of water, which is ejected at the will of the animal.
Arranged in multiples of circles, they distribute themselves with
perfect regularity round the mouth. These are the arms of this species
of zoophyte.
The mouth of the Actinia opens among the tentacles. Oval in form, it
communicates by means of a tube with a stomach, broad and short, which
descends vertically, and abuts by a large opening on the visceral
cavity, the interior of which is divided into little cells or chambers.
These cells and chambers are not all of the same dimensions; in parting
from the cylindrical walls of the body, they advance, the one
increasing, the others getting smaller, in the direction of the centre.
Moreover, they have many kinds of cells, which dispose themselves in
their different relations with great regularity--their tentacula, which
correspond with them, being arranged in circles radiating more or less
from the centre.
The stomach of the sea anemones fulfils a multitude of functions. At
first, it is the digestive organ; it is also the seat of respiration;
and is unceasingly moistened by the water, which it passes through,
imbibes, and ejects. The visceral cavity absorbs the atmospheric air
contained in the water; for the stomach is also a lung, and through the
same organ it ejects its young! In short, the reproductive organs, the
eggs, and the larvæ, are all connected with the tentacles or arms. In
the month of September the eggs are fecundated, and the larvæ or embryos
developed. As Frédol says in "La Monde de la Mer," "These animals bear
their young, not upon their arms, but in their arms. The larvæ generally
pass from the tentacula into the stomach, and are afterwards ejected
from the mouth along with the rejecta of their food--a most singular
formation, in which the stomach breathes, and the mouth serves the
purposes of accouchement--facts which it would be difficult to believe
on other than the most positive evidence."
"The Daisy-like Anemones (_Sagartia bellis_--Gosse), in the Zoological
Gardens of Paris," says Frédol, "frequently throw up little embryos,
which are dispersed, and attach themselves to various parts of the
aquarium, and finally become miniature anemones exactly like the parent.
An actinia which had taken a very copious repast ejected a portion of it
about twenty-four hours later, and in the middle of the ejected food
were found thirty-eight young individuals." According to Dalyell, an
accouchement is here a fit of indigestion.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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