[Illustration: Fig. 123. Flustra foliacea (Linnæus).] Their tentacles are covered with cilia, always vibratile, disposed in a straight line, which in their movements produce the effect which a row of animated pearls might be supposed to produce if rolled upwards from the base to the summit of the organ. The Eschara form leaf-like expansions, the entrance to their cells having also their protecting spines. The expansions still represent microscopic bee-hives, the inhabitants of which enjoy at once a common and an independent existence. As it is with the corals, so it is here; each eats for the benefit of itself and for the community. Labour and nutrition for the community, labour and food for itself. TUNICATA. On seeing one of the _Tunicata_ for the first time, a stranger to zoology would scarcely take them for animals at all. Almost always attached to submarine rocks, these beings have the form of a simple sac. Their skin, gelatinous, horny, or rock-like, is at times covered with marine plants and polyps. They have neither arms, nor feet, nor head. But then they have a mouth, placed at the entrance of a digestive tube, and, in connection with the latter, a special opening intended for evacuations. The mouth is preceded by a great cavity, the walls of which are covered with vessels; for this cavity is the seat of respiration, and is covered with vibratile cilia. Thus the same canal serves first for respiration, and then, farther on, for digestion: another instance of the economy of Nature. Another remarkable instance of circulation is found: they have a heart, but no head. This heart is the centre of a well-developed vascular system, but very unlike what usually obtains. The blood which traverses it takes such a course, that, in the space of a very few minutes, the heart changes its aurical into ventrical and its ventrical into aurical blood. At the same time the arteries are changed into veins and the veins into arteries. The consequence is, that the current which traverses these canals changes its direction with each contraction of the heart. Simple as is their organization, the Tunicata have a nervous system. It is an unique ganglion, connected with divers small fillets. The organs of sensation present themselves in a very rudimentary fashion. We find eyes, and, after very minute search, a single ear has been found. They are propagated by budding, and also from eggs. The young are subject to some very curious metamorphoses, some particulars of which will be given farther on. The Tunicata are divided into _Ascidia_ and _Salpa_, to which some naturalists add the _Brachiopoda_. ASCIDIANS. The _Ascidia_, from the Greek word ἀσχιδίον, leather bottle, have, as the name indicates, the shape of a bottle or purse. The analogy becomes more evident when it is considered that these creatures are habitually filled with water, which can be expelled by very slight pressure.