The civil rights of all persons are respected in Peru without distinction of nationality, and all who reside in the country are equally protected by its laws. Any foreigner may acquire property in Peru and dispose of it at will; in general, everything concerning landed property is amply guaranteed by the Peruvian laws. The Thirty-second Article says: “The laws protect and oblige all persons equally; and the civil rights are independent of the quality of the citizen.” The Twenty-eighth Article declares that “every foreigner can acquire, in accordance with the laws, landed property in the republic, possessing in everything relating to that property the same obligations and privileges as a Peruvian.” Special dispositions expressly authorize foreigners to denounce mines and obtain concessions of mountain and rubber lands on the same conditions as Peruvians. In the exercise of any trade, profession or industry of any kind, absolute freedom is permitted to native and foreigner alike, so long as it is not opposed to morality, health or public security. Foreigners desiring to practise medicine, law, or engineering are required to prove their ability by presenting their title received from a university, and by submitting to the prescribed examination. In order to guarantee the titles of land owners, a registry office has been recently established, in which is inscribed the name of the actual owner, the manner in which the property was acquired, the incumbrances attaching to its purchase, if any, and any conditions which limit the possessor’s right to dispose of it. The Civil Code recognizes the right of a foreigner to dispose of his property by will, and, in case of his dying without having made a will, and without leaving immediate heirs, it provides for placing the property in security, under the direction of the consular representative of the nation to which the deceased belonged; an inventory is taken and the inheritance liquidated, so that claims against it may be presented in due form, after the settlement of which the balance is handed over to the heirs legally entitled to receive it. As regards the personal liberty of foreigners as well as Peruvians, the Eighteenth Article of the Constitution expressly says that no one can be arrested without a written order from a competent judge, or from the authorities charged with the preservation of public order, except in cases of _flagrante delicto_, and in any case the person arrested must be brought before the judge of the case within twenty-four hours afterward. The law of _habeas corpus_ is recognized, by which anyone detained more than twenty-four hours without having his case submitted to the proper authorities may present himself, or be represented by a proxy, before the judge with a complaint, and the judge is bound to investigate the arrest and to decree the liberty of the detained person in case no legal reason for his further detention can be established. [Illustration: THE MINT, LIMA.]