The universities, which represent the most revered traditions of education and reflect the highest culture of the nation, are supplemented by a number of colleges and schools of special instruction for pupils who, after graduating from the primary and secondary schools, do not enter on a university career, but prefer to prepare for the military service, to secure technical training, or to obtain a practical knowledge of engineering, agriculture, etc. The School of Military Cadets at Chorillos, the Naval School-ships, the School of Civil Engineers, and the National School of Agriculture, as well as the flourishing Technical School of Arts and Trades, fulfil these purposes. The School of Arts and Trades was reorganized September 24, 1905, under the direction of Dr. Pedro Paulet. The school was founded forty years ago, and reorganized in 1871, when its purpose was declared to be “the training of honest and capable mechanics.” Although the excellent work of this school was interrupted for some years in consequence of the calamitous war of the Pacific, yet its benefits have been so general that, to-day, the best mechanics on the plantations of the coast and in the mining establishments of the sierra are graduates of its classes. These schools are now to be found in all the cities of the republic. The mining interests of Peru, as well as the peculiar conditions that govern transportation across its snow-capped sierras and through its cañons, make the study of engineering of paramount importance. The School of Engineers, under the direction of an expert Polish engineer, Mr. Eduardo Habich, has for its object the teaching of civil, industrial, and electrical engineering, and mining. The extraordinary industrial development which Peru has experienced within the past few years made it necessary, in 1901, to include industrial engineering in the course of studies, which originally comprised only two sections, that of electrical engineering being added in 1903. Graduates of this school are entitled to rank as mining, civil, and industrial engineers, and electricians; land surveyors are also trained here. The average attendance is about two hundred pupils. Training is given in both theory and practice, the students making trips to the mines of Cerro de Pasco and Yauli as well as to the factories, smelters, and electrical plants of these establishments. The school has complete laboratories as well as collections of specimens for the study of mineralogy, geology, and other subjects related to the course. Agricultural training is furnished in a school organized for the purpose and directed by Belgian professors. The instruction afforded is technical and of the greatest practical value, including all that pertains to the administration and cultivation of a landed estate.