The Organism as a Whole, from a Physicochemical ViewpointLoeb, Jacques
Science
The Organism as a Whole, from a Physicochemical Viewpoint
Loeb, Jacques
Biology; Life (Biology); Mendel's law
Another method of producing blind fish embryos consists in exposing the
egg immediately, or soon after fertilization, to a temperature between
0° and 2° C. for a number of hours. Many embryos are killed by this
treatment, but those which survive behave very much like the hybrids
between _Fundulus_ and _Menidia_, _i. e._, a number of them have quite
degenerated eyes. If the eggs have once formed an embryo they can be
kept at the temperature of 0° for a month or more without giving rise
to blind animals. Occasionally such rudimentary eyes were also observed
when eggs were kept in a solution containing a trace of KCN. Stockard
has succeeded in producing cyclopean eyes in _Fundulus_ by adding an
excess of magnesium salt to the sea water in which the eggs developed
or by adding alcohol, and McClendon has confirmed and added to these
results.
The writer tried repeatedly, but in vain, to produce _Fundulus_ with
deficient eyes by keeping the embryos in the dark. Sperm and egg
were not allowed to be exposed to the light yet the embryos without
exception had normal eyes.
F. Payne raised sixty-nine successive generations of a fly _Drosophila_
in the dark, but the eyes and the reaction of the insects to light
remained perfectly normal.
Uhlenhuth has recently demonstrated in a very striking way that the
development of the eyes does not depend upon the influence of light
or upon the eyes functioning. He transplanted the eyes of young
salamanders into different parts of their bodies where they were no
longer connected with the optic nerves. The eyes after transplantation
underwent a degeneration which was followed by a complete regeneration.
He showed that this regeneration took place in complete darkness and
that the transplanted eyes remained normal in salamanders kept in
the dark for fifteen months. Hence the eyes which were no longer in
connection with the central nervous system, which had received no
light, and could not have functioned, regenerated and remained normal.
The degeneration which took place in the eyes immediately after being
transplanted was apparently due to the interruption of the circulation
in the eye, and the regeneration commenced in all probability with the
re-establishment of the circulation in the transplanted organ.
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