10. This result is especially due to the researches of M. Strzygowski, but we cannot enter here into the controversies aroused by his publications: _Orient oder Rom_, 1911; _Hellas in des Orients Umarmung_, Munich, 1902, and especially _Kleinasien, ein Neuland der Kunstgeschichte_, Leipsic, 1903; [cf. the reports of Ch. Diehl, _Journal des Savants_, 1904, pp. 236 ff. = _Etudes byzantines_, 1905, pp. 336 ff.; Gabriel Millet, _Revue archeolog._, 1905, I, pp. 93 ff.; Marcel Laurent, _Revue de l'Instr. publ. en Belgique_, 1905, pp. 145 ff.]; _Mschatta_, 1904, [cf. _infra_, Ch. VI, n. 12].--M. Brehier, "Orient ou Byzance?" (_Rev. archeol._, 1907, II, pp. 396 ff.), gives a substantial summary of the question.--In his last volume, _Amida_ (1910), M. {216} Strzygowski tries to find the source of medieval art in Mesopotamia. For this controversy see Diehl's _Manuel d'art byzantin_, 1910. 11. See also Pliny, _Epist. Traian._, 40: "Architecti tibi [in Bithynia] deesse non possunt ... cum ex Graecia etiam ad nos [at Rome] venire soliti sint."--Among the names of architects mentioned in Latin inscriptions there are a great many revealing Greek or Oriental origin (see Ruggiero, _Dizion. epigr._, s. v. "Architectus"), in spite of the consideration which their eminently useful profession always enjoyed at Rome. 12. The question of the artistic and industrial influences exercised by the Orient over Gaul during the Roman period, has been broached frequently--among others by Courajod (_Lecons du Louvre_, I, 1899, pp. 115, 327 ff.)--but it has never been seriously studied in its entirety. Michaelis has recently devoted a suggestive article to this subject in connection with a statue from the museum of Metz executed in the style of the school of Pergamum (_Jahrb. der Gesellsch. fuer lothring. Geschichte_, XVII, 1905, pp. 203 ff.). By the influence of Marseilles in Gaul, and the ancient connection of that city with the towns of Hellenic Asia, he explains the great difference between the works of sculpture discovered along the upper Rhine, which had been civilized by the Italian legions, and those unearthed on the other side of the Vosges. This is a very important discovery, rich in results. We believe, however, that Michaelis ascribes too much importance to the early Marseilles traders traveling along the old "tin road" towards Brittany and the "amber road" towards Germany. The Asiatic merchants and artisans did not set out from one point only. There were many emigrants all over the valley of the Rhone. Lyons was a half-Hellenized city, and the relations of Arles with Syria, of Nimes with Egypt, etc., are well known. We shall speak of them in connection with the religions of those countries. 13. Even in the bosom of the church the Latin Occident of the fourth century was still subordinate to the Greek Orient, which imposed its doctrinal problems upon it (Harnack, _Mission und Ausbreitung_, II, p. 283, n. 1).