community."[52] [Footnote 47: Hale, _U.S. Exploring Expedition. Vol. VI. Ethnography and Philology_, p. 114. _Cf._ Eyre, _Journals of Expeditions of Discovery into Central Australia_, ii. 388; Collins, _English Colony in New South Wales_, i. 586; Brough Smyth, _Aborigines of Victoria_, ii. 295.] [Footnote 48: Roth, _Ethnological Studies among the North-West-Central Queensland Aborigines_, pp. 139, 141. Curr, _The Australian Race_, i. 61 _sq._] [Footnote 49: Curr, _Squatting in Victoria_, p. 245.] [Footnote 50: Dawson, _Australian Aborigines_, p. 76.] [Footnote 51: Burton, _Two Trips to Gorilla Land_, i. 105.] [Footnote 52: Turner, 'Ethnology of the Ungava District,' in _Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethn._ xi. 186.] Among various savage peoples expulsion from the tribe is the punishment of persons whose conduct excites great public indignation, and among others such persons are outlawed. The Chippewyans, among whom "order is maintained in the tribe solely by public opinion," the chief having no power to punish crimes, occasionally expel from the society individuals whose conduct is exceptionally bad and threatens the general peace.[53] The Salish, or flathead Indians, sometimes punished notorious criminals by expulsion from the tribe or band to which they belonged.[54] Sir E. F. Im Thurn, whilst praising the Indians of Guiana for their admirable morality as long as they remain in a state of nature, adds that there are exceptions to the rule, and that such individuals "are soon killed or driven out from their tribe."[55] Among the Bedouins of the Euphrates, "in extreme cases, and as the utmost penalty of the law, the offender is turned out of the tribe";[56] and the same is the case among the Beni Mzab.[57] In the Scotch Highlands, even to this day, instances are common of public opinion operating as a punishment, to the extent of forcing individuals into exile.[58] There are cases reported from various parts of the savage world of banishment being inflicted as a punishment for sexual {173} offences;[59] and other instances of expulsion are mentioned by Dr. Steinmetz.[60] In some cases, however, expulsion is to be regarded rather as a means of ridding the community from a pollution, than as a punishment in the proper sense of the term.[61] [Footnote 53: Richardson, _Arctic Searching Expedition_, ii. 26 _sq._] [Footnote 54: Hale, _op. cit._ p. 208.] [Footnote 55: Im Thurn, _Among the Indians of Guiana_, p. 213.] [Footnote 56: Blunt, _Bedouin Tribes of the Euphrates_, ii. 206.] [Footnote 57: Chavanne, _Sahara_, p. 315. Tristram, _Great Sahara_, p. 207.] [Footnote 58: Stewart, _Highlanders of Scotland_, p. 380.] [Footnote 59: Westermarck, _History of Human Marriage_, p. 61 _sqq._] [Footnote 60: Steinmetz, _op. cit._ ii. ch. 5.] [Footnote 61: See _infra_, on Homicide.]