The Peruvian Incas considered that light punishments gave confidence to evil-doers, whilst "through their great care in punishing a man's first delinquency, they avoided the effects of his second and third, and of the host of others that are committed in every commonwealth where no diligence is observed {191} to root up the evil plant at the commencement."[170] According to the Prefatory Edict of the Emperor Kaung-hee, published in 1679, the chief ends proposed by the institution of punishments in the Chinese Empire "have been to guard against violence and injury, to repress inordinate desires, and to secure the peace and tranquillity of an honest and unoffending community."[171] In the Laws of Manu punishment is described as a protector of all creatures:--"If the king did not, without tiring, inflict punishment on those worthy to be punished, the stronger would roast the weaker, like fish on a spit; the crow would eat the sacrificial cake and the dog would lick the sacrificial viands, and ownership would not remain with any one, the lower ones would usurp the place of the higher ones. The whole world is kept in order by punishment, for a guiltless man is hard to find; through fear of punishment the whole world yields the enjoyments which it owes."[172] Even the gods, the Dânavas, the Gandharvas, the Râkshasas, the bird and snake deities, give the enjoyments due from them only if they are tormented by the fear of punishment.[173] In mediæval law-books determent is frequently referred to as an object of punishment.[174] And in more modern times, till the end of the eighteenth century at least, the idea that punishment should inspire fear was ever present to the minds of legislators. [Footnote 170: Garcilasso de la Vega, _op. cit._ i. 151 _sq._] [Footnote 171: _Ta Tsing Leu Lee_, p. lxvii.] [Footnote 172: _Laws of Manu_, vii. 14, 15, 20-22, 24 _sq._] [Footnote 173: _Ibid._ vii. 23.] [Footnote 174: _Leges Burgundionum_, Leges Gundebati, 52: "Rectius enim paucorum condempnatione multitudo corregitur, quam sub specie incongruae civilitatis intromittatur occasio, quae licentiam tribuat delinquendi." _Capitulare Aquisgranense An._ 802, 33: "Sed taliter hoc corripiantur, ut caeteri metum habeant talia perpetrandi" (Migne, _Patrologiæ cursus_, xcvii. 230). _Chlotar II. Edictum de Synodo Parisiensi_, 24: "In ipsum capitali sententia judicetur, qualiter alii non debeant similia perpetrare" (Migne, _op. cit._ lxxx. 454). For other instances, see Brunner, _Deutsche Rechtsgeschichte_, ii. 588, n. 6.]