The origin and development of the moral ideasWestermarck, Edward
Philosophy
The origin and development of the moral ideas
Westermarck, Edward
Ethics; Ethics -- History; Prehistoric peoples
The Tshi-speaking peoples of the Gold Coast believe that the god
Sasabonsum "takes delight in destroying all those who have offended
him, even though the offence may have been accidental and
unintentional"; whereas, among the same people, it is the custom that
even deaths resulting from accidents, not to speak of minor injuries,
are compensated for by a sum of money.[74] Miss Kingsley says she is
unable, from her own experience, to agree with Mr. Dennett's statement
with reference to the Fjort, that ignorance would save the man who had
eaten prohibited food. From what she knows, Merolla's story is
correct: the man, though he eat in ignorance, dies or suffers
severely. "It is true," she adds, "that one of the doctrines of
African human law is that the person who offends in ignorance, that is
not a culpable ignorance, cannot be punished; but this merciful dictum
I have never found in spirit law. Therein if you offend, you suffer;
unless you can appease the enraged spirit, neither ignorance nor
intoxication is a feasible plea in extenuation."[75] The Omahas
believe that to eat of the totem, even in ignorance, would cause
sickness, not only to the eater, but also to his wife and
children.[76]
[Footnote 74: Ellis, _Tshi-speaking Peoples of the Gold Coast_,
pp. 35, 301.]
[Footnote 75: Miss Kingsley, in her Introduction to Dennett's
_Folklore of the Fjort_, p. xxviii.]
[Footnote 76: Frazer, _Totemism_, p. 16.]
Speaking of the sacred animals of the ancient Egyptians, Herodotus
says, "Should any one kill one of these beasts, if wilfully, death is
the punishment; if by accident, he pays such fine as the priests
choose to impose. But whoever kills an ibis or a hawk, whether
wilfully or by accident, must necessarily be put to death."[77]
According to the Chinese penal code, "whoever destroys or damages,
whether intentionally or inadvertently, the altars, mounds, or
terraces consecrated to the sacred and imperial rites, shall suffer
100 blows, and be perpetually banished to distance {228} of 2000
_lee_."[78] In these cases the punishment inflicted by human hands is
obviously a reflection of the supposed anger of superhuman
beings.
[Footnote 77: Herodotus, ii. 65. _Cf._ Pomponius Mela, 9.]
[Footnote 78: _Ta Tsing Leu Lee_, sec. clviii. p. 172.]
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