through an open door and one that committed a burglary; the latter was a _larron_, and was to be punished as such.[48] The repetition of a crime aggravated the punishment;[49] {258} and the animal "principal" was punished more severely than the "accessories.[50] [Footnote 35: Leibniz, _Essais de Theodicée_, p. 182 _sq._ Lessona, quoted by d'Addosio, _Bestie delinquenti_, p. 145.] [Footnote 36: St. Augustine, _Quæstiones in Leviticum_, 74 (_ad Lev._ xx. 16): "Nam pecora inde credendum est jussa interfici, quia tali flagitio contaminata, indignam refricant facti memoriam" (Migne, _Patrologiæ cursus_, xxxiv. 709).] [Footnote 37: Gratian, _Decretum_, ii. 15. 1. 4. _Cf._ _Mishna_, fol. 54, quoted by Rabbinowicz, _Législation criminelle du Talmud_, p. 116.] [Footnote 38: Ayrault, _Des procès faicts au cadaver, aux cendres, à la mémoire, aux bestes brutes_, fol. 24. Ortolan, _Éléments du droit pénal_, p. 188. Tissot, _Le droit pénal_, i. 19 _sq._] [Footnote 39: Thonissen, _Le droit pénal de la république Athénienne_, p. 414.] [Footnote 40: Du Boys, quoted by d'Addosio, _op. cit._ p. 139.] [Footnote 41: Lessona, quoted _ibid._ p. 145.] [Footnote 42: _Cf._ Post, _Die Grundlagen des Rechts_, p. 359; Friedrichs, 'Mensch und Person,' in _Das Ausland_, 1891, pp. 300, 315; and, especially, d'Addosio, _op. cit._ p. 146 _sqq._: "Nel medioevo si punì l'animale perchè lo si ritenne in certo modo _conscio_ delle sue azioni, in certo modo _libero_, in certo modo _responsabile_."] [Footnote 43: von Amira. _op. cit._ p. 9.] [Footnote 44: Beaumanoir, _Les coutumes du Beauvoisis_, lxix. 6, vol. ii. 485 _sq._ Chambers, _op. cit._ i. 127. Lichtenberg, _Vermischte Schriften_, iv. 481.] [Footnote 45: _Lex Salica_, edited by Hessels, coll. 209-212, 215.] [Footnote 46: _Ancient Laws of Ireland_, iv. 179.] [Footnote 47: Chambers, _op. cit._ i. 128.] [Footnote 48: _Ancien Coutumier de Bourgogne_, 23 (_Revue historique de droit français et étranger_, iii. 549): "Il deust hauoir faire justice del larron."] [Footnote 49: Pertile, _loc. cit._ p. 148: "La _Carta de Logu_ d'Eleonora giudicessa d'Arborea (1395) prescrive: che venendo trovato un asino in danno sui fondi altrui, per la prima volta gli si tagli un orecchio; la seconda, l'altro; e la terza, si confischi la bestia consegnandola alla corte principesca." _Cf._ _Vendîdâd_, xiii. 32 _sqq._] [Footnote 50: d'Addosio, _op. cit._ p. 16.]