his day, would have been treated like madmen, that is, would have incurred "manifest danger of phlebotomy, and whips, and chains, and dark chambers, and straw."[169] The writings of {274} Esquirol, the parliamentary debates on the asylums of Bedlam and York, and the reports presented under the auspices of La Rochefoucauld to the National Assembly of 1789, contain a picture unique in its sadness--"a picture of prisons in which lunatics, criminal lunatics, and criminals are huddled together indiscriminately without regard to sex or age, of asylums in which the maniac, to whom motion is an imperious necessity, is chained in the same cell with the victim of melancholia whom his ravings soon goad into furious madness, and of hospitals in which the epileptic, the scrofulous, the paralytic and the insane sleep side by side--a picture of cells, dark, foul, and damp, with starving, diseased, and naked inmates, flogged into submission, or teased into fury for the sport of idle spectators."[170] [Footnote 156: _Dimetian Code_, ii. 1. 32 (_Ancient Laws and Institutes of Wales_, p. 200).] [Footnote 157: _Venedotian Code_, ii. 28. 3 (_ibid._ p. 98).] [Footnote 158: _Welsh Laws_, iv. 1. 2 (_ibid._ p. 389).] [Footnote 159: von Amira, _Nordgermanisches Obligationenrecht_, i. 375.] [Footnote 160: _Grágás_, Vigsloþi, 33, vol. ii. 64.] [Footnote 161: Stephen, _op. cit._ ii. 151.] [Footnote 162: Wigmore, _loc. cit._ p. 446.] [Footnote 163: Bacon, _Maxims of the Law_, reg. 7 (_Works_, vii. 347 _sq._).] [Footnote 164: Trummer, _op. cit._ i. 428.] [Footnote 165: _Ibid._ i. 432.] [Footnote 166: _Ibid._ i. 438 _sqq._] [Footnote 167: See Tuke, _Chapters in the History of the Insane in the British Isles_, p. 43 _sq._; Maudsley, _Responsibility in Mental Disease_, p. 10 _sq._; Lecky, _History of European Morals_, ii. 85 _sqq._] [Footnote 168: Shakespeare, _As you Like it_, iii. 2.] [Footnote 169: Swift, _Tale of a Tub_, sec. 9 (_Works_, x. 163).] [Footnote 170: Wood-Renton, 'Moral Mania,' in _Law Quarterly Review_, iii. 340.]