The origin and development of the moral ideasWestermarck, Edward
Philosophy
The origin and development of the moral ideas
Westermarck, Edward
Ethics; Ethics -- History; Prehistoric peoples
[Footnote 44: McGee, 'Seri Indians,' in _Ann. Rep. Bur. Ethnol._
xvii. 132.]
[Footnote 45: Georgi, _Russia_, iii. 183.]
[Footnote 46: Macdonald, _Africana_, i. 229. For other instances, see
Harmon, _op. cit._ p. 301 (Tacullies); Burton, _City of the Saints_,
p. 139 (Dacotahs); Macpherson, _Memorials of Service in India_, p.
94 (Kandhs); MacMahon, _Far Cathay_, p. 262 (Indo-Burmese border
tribes); Macdonald, _Africana_, i. 194 _sq._ (Eastern Central
Africans); Johnston, _Kilima-njaro Expedition_, p. 419 (Masai).]
At the same time there are, among the lower races, various instances
in which the rule, "Thou shalt not kill," applies even to foreigners.
Hospitality, as will be seen in a subsequent chapter, is a stringent
duty in the savage world. Custom requires that the host should
entertain and protect a stranger who comes as his guest, and by
killing him the host would perpetrate an outrage hardly possible.
Moreover, even in the case of intertribal relations, we must not
conclude that what is allowed in war is also allowed in times of
peace. The prohibition of homicide may extend beyond the tribal
border, to {334} members of different tribes who for some reason or
other are on friendly terms with each other.[47] We must not suppose
that a tribe of savages generally either lives in a state of complete
isolation, or is always at odds with its neighbours. In Australia, for
instance, one tribe of natives, as a rule, entertains amicable
relations with one, two, or more other tribes.[48] Among the Central
Australian natives, say Messrs. Spencer and Gillen, "there is no such
thing as one tribe being in a constant state of enmity with another";
on the contrary, where two tribes come into contact with one another
on the border land of their respective territories, friendly feelings
are maintained between the members of the two.[49] Some uncivilised
peoples are even said to have no wars. The Veddahs of Ceylon never
make war upon each other.[50] According to the reports of the oldest
inhabitants of Umnak and Unalaska, the people there had never been
engaged in war either among themselves or with their neighbours,
except once with the natives of Alaska.[51] To the Greenlanders
described by Dr. Nansen war is "incomprehensible and repulsive, a
thing for which their language has no word."[52]
[Footnote 47: See, _e.g._, Scott Robertson, _op. cit._ p. 194 (Káfirs
of the Hindu-Kush).]
[Footnote 48: Curr, _The Australian Race_, i. 62 _sq._]
[Footnote 49: Spencer and Gillen, _Native Tribes of Central
Australia_, p. 32.]
[Footnote 50: Sarasin, _op. cit._ iii. 488.]
[Footnote 51: Coxe, _op. cit._ p. 244.]
[Footnote 52: Nansen, _Eskimo Life_, p. 162.]
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