[Footnote 23: One of the Apostolic Canons requires that any bishop, priest, or deacon who devotes himself to military service shall be degraded from his ecclesiastical rank (_Canones ecclesiastici qui dicuntur Apostolorum_, 83 [74] [Bunsen, _Analecta Ante-Nicæna_, ii. 31]). The Councils of Toulouse, in 633 (ch. 45, in Labbe-Mansi, _op. cit._ x. 630), and of Meaux, in 845 (can. 37, _ibid._ xiv. 827), condemned to a similar punishment those of the clergy who ventured to take up arms. Gratian says (_Decretum_, ii. 23. 8. 4) that the Church refuses to pray for the soul of a priest who died on the battle-field. Notwithstanding the canons of Councils and the decrees of popes, ecclesiastics frequently participated in battles (Nicolaus I. _Epistolæ et Decreta_, 83 [Migne, _op. cit._ cxix. 922]. Robertson, _History of the Reign of Charles V._ i. 330, 385. Ward, _Foundation and History of the Law of Nations_, i. 365 _sq._ Buckle, _History of Civilisation in England_, i. 204; ii. 464. Bethune-Baker, _Influence of Christianity on War_, p. 52. Dümmler, _Geschichte des Ostfränkischen Reichs_, ii. 637).] [Footnote 24: Grotius, _De jure belli et pacis_, i. 2. 10. 10. Bingham, _Antiquities of the Christian Church_, iv. 4. 1 (_Works_, ii. 55).] [Footnote 25: _P[oe]nitentiale Bigotianum_, iv. i. 4 (Wasserschleben, _Bussordnungen der abendländischen Kirche_, p. 453). _P[oe]nit. Vigilanum_, 27 (_ibid._ p. 529). _P[oe]nit. Pseudo-Theodori_, xxi. 15 (_ibid._ p. 587 _sq._). _Cf._ _Mort de Garin le Loherain_, p. 213: "Ainz se repent et se claime cheti; Ses pechiés plore au soir et au matin, De ce qu'il a tans homes mors et pris."] [Footnote 26: Wilkins, _Concilia Magnæ Britanniæ et Hiberniæ_, i. 366.]