MUSANDINUS wrote on the diet of the sick; bleeding was recommended for the want of appetite in convalescents, and patients were rather to be purged to death than permitted to die constipated. BERNARD THE PROVINCIAL recommends wine for the delicate stomachs of bishops; he said they could not bear emetics unless they were administered on a full stomach. His treatise was written between the years 1150 and 1160. He did much to simplify the materia medica of his time, advising the poor not to waste their means on costly foreign drugs, but to gather simples from the fields. It is interesting to find in the thirteenth century police regulations which required in many cities of Italy that physicians should inspect druggists’ shops and see that their medicines were pure and fresh. Pharmacy, it seems, was already becoming divorced from medical practice.[768] In the middle of the twelfth century there appeared a didactic poem called _Schola Salernitana, Flos Medicinæ_, or _Regimen Sanitatis_, or _Regimen Virile_. This celebrated work went through hundreds of editions.[769] Dr. Handerson, in his translation of Baas’ _History of Medicine_, says it had other titles than those given above, as _Medicina Salernitana_, _De Conservanda Bona Valetudine_, _Lilium Sanitatis_, _Compendium Salernitanum_, etc. The work was for centuries the physician’s _vade mecum_. It is not known who was the author; originally it was put forth as emanating from “the whole school of Salerno to the king of England,” namely, Robert, son of William the Conqueror, who was cured of a wound at Salerno in 1101. The poem consisted of some two thousand lines. Dr. Handerson gives the following translation of a few lines of this curious work:— “Salerno’s school in conclave high unites, To counsel England’s king, and thus indites: If thou to health and vigour would’st attain, Shun mighty cares, all anger deem profane; From heavy suppers and much wine abstain; Nor trivial count it, after pompous fare, To rise from table and to take the air; Shun idle noonday slumbers, nor delay The urgent calls of nature to obey: These rules if thou wilt follow to the end, Thy life to greater length thou may’st extend.” It has been translated into English by Thomas Paynell in 1530, by John Harrington in 1607, and by Alexander Croke in 1830. The poem is a composite work, and its form was doubtless adopted for facility of committing to memory an important text-book of health rules. ROGER, or RUGGIERO, known as Roger of Parma or of Palermo, lived about 1210, was a student, and for a long time a professor in Salerno. He was a celebrated surgeon, who practised trepanning of the sternum and stitching of the intestine. He was the first to describe a case of hernia pulmonis, to use the term seton, and to prescribe the internal use of sea-sponge for the removal of bronchocele.[770] He knew how to arrest hæmorrhage by styptics, sutures, and ligatures.