The remaining verses of Exodus xx. 23 to xxiii. 19, contain, groups of humane and ceremonial laws. In the process of transmission they have been somewhat disarranged, but, with the aid of the fuller duplicate versions in Deuteronomy, four complete decalogues can be restored and part of a fifth. The following analysis will suggest their general character and contents: HUMANE AND CEREMONIAL LAWS _First Decalogue: Kindness._ First Pentad: Towards Men, Ex. xxii. 2la, 22-23, 25a, 25b, 26-27. Second Pentad; Towards Animals, Ex, xxiii. 4 [Deut. xxii. 1], Deut. xxii. 2, 3; Ex. xxiii. 5 [Deut. xxii. 4], Deut. xxii. 6-7. _Second Decalogue: Justice_. First Pentad: Among Equals, Ex. xxiii. 1a, 1b, 2a, 2b, 3. Second Pentad: On the Part of those in Authority, xxiii, 6, 7a, 7b, 7c, 8. _Third Decalogue: Duties to God._ First Pentad: Worship, Ex. xx. 23a, 23b, 24, 25, 26. Second Pentad: Loyalty, Ex. xxii. 28, 29a, 29b, 30, 31. _Fourth Decalogue: Sacred Seasons._ First Pentad: Command to Observe them, xxiii. 10-11, 12, l5a, 16a, 16b. Second Pentad: Method of Observing them, xxiii, 17, 18a, 18b, 19a, 19b. [Sidenote: _Period represented by the primitive codes_] Here the primitive ceremonial decalogue has been expanded into the third and fourth group given above. Like the _Judgments_, these decalogues bear testimony to their northern origin, and probably they also have had much the same history, although their relation to the primitive decalogue and the fact that they are prefixed and added to the solid group of _Judgments_, would seem to indicate that they were somewhat later. These two collections, together with their older prototype, the ancient decalogue, represent the growth of Israel's laws during the four centuries beginning with Moses and extending to about 800 B. C. To distinguish them from later collections they may be designated as the _Primitive Codes_. [Sidenote: _The need for new laws_] The eighth and seventh centuries before Christ which brought to the Hebrews great crises and revolutionary changes in both their political and religious life, witnessed the epoch-making work of Amos, Hosea, Isaiah, and Micah. This remarkable group of prophets proclaimed so many new principles that a fundamental revision and expansion of Israel's primitive codes became necessary in order to adapt the latter to the new needs of the age. The reactionary reign of Manasseh had also brought out plainly the contrast between the older heathen cults, still cherished by the people, and the exalted ideals of the true prophets. If the prophetic teachings were to become operative in the life of the nation, it was also seen that they must be expressed in concrete legal enactments, which could be universally understood and definitely enforced. [Sidenote: _Application of prophetic principles in the life of the people_]