[246] Howitt, _Native Tribes of South-East Australia_, p. 450. [247] Skeat and Blagden, _Pagan Races of the Malay Peninsula_, II. pp. 95-9. For similar formulæ of dismission (which, of course, are constraining spells) see W. Ellis, _Polynesian Researches_, I. p. 522; and J. O. Dorsey, “Siouan Cults,” _American Bureau of Ethnology_, X. p. 420. [248] Stigand, _The Land of Zing_, p. 250. [249] For the practice of appointing certain seasons at which the whole tribe or nation unites in driving out ghosts or demons by force of arms (sometimes with the help of cannon and elephants), as obtaining at all levels of culture, from Australian savagery to the enlightenment of China and Peru, and with more decorum at Athens and Rome, see Frazer, _The Scapegoat_, ch. iii. § 2. [250] C. G. Seligman, _The Veddas_, p. 131. [251] _Cambridge Expedition to Torres Straits_, VI. p. 253. [252] Vigfussen and Powell, _Corpus Poeticum Boreale_, I. p. 417. For further examples of affectionate interest in ghosts, see _Primitive Culture_, II. pp. 31-3. [253] Hodson, _The Naga Tribes of Manipur_, p. 100. [254] _The Todas_, p. 363. [255] E. R. Smith, _The Araucanians_, p. 172. [256] Coddrington, _The Melanesians_, p. 177. [257] Miss M. C. Stevenson, “The Sia” in _American Bureau of Ethnology_, 1889-90, XI. p. 121. [258] Stefànson, _My Life among the Eskimo_, p. 397. [259] Spencer and Gillen, _Northern Tribes of Central Australia_, p. 497. [260] Frazer, _Belief in Immortality_, p. 259. CHAPTER VI THE RELATIONS BETWEEN MAGIC AND ANIMISM § 1. THE QUESTION OF PRIORITY Magic and Animism now everywhere flourish side by side, or in confused association, and, by those who believe in them, are not discriminated as they may be by a spectator. As to their origin, we have seen that both of them are prehistoric; it is useless to inquire about it amongst believers (who can only tell you that they learnt these things from their forefathers), or to look for any sort of direct proof. In Chapter IV. I mentioned general considerations in favour of the priority of Magic; but said nothing of the opposite opinion, that Animism is prior and Magic derivative: an opinion held by many and, amongst them, by Wundt, whose treatment of the problem claims attention.