The Origin of Metallic Currency and Weight StandardsRidgeway, William
History
The Origin of Metallic Currency and Weight Standards
Ridgeway, William
Money -- Origin; Weights and measures -- History
Let me here remark that in Leviticus there is no mention whatsoever
made of any fees to the priest, also that whilst according to the above
version the giver of the victim gets the skin, in Leviticus (vii. 8)
it is the priest who gets it as his perquisite, as seems also to have
been the practice in Greece. For we know that the Spartan kings, who
in their capacity of priests offered all sacrifices at Sparta, always
got the skins as their payment[198]. That the sums mentioned are really
the prices of the victims is made almost certain by the fact that at
the famous Phoenician temple of Aphrodite at Eryx in Sicily the victims
were kept ready by the priests to be sold to worshippers who wished to
sacrifice, as we know from a curious story told by Aelian[199].
Whilst it would be of great importance for my purpose to have been able
to regard the sums mentioned in the inscription as the actual value set
upon the animals, even if we simply regard them as fees they still give
us some aid. For as it is most unlikely that the fee for sacrificing
would exceed the value of the victim to be sacrificed, we thus can obtain
a minimum limit of value. We may then safely assume that the value of the
ox was not less than 10 shekels of silver. On the other hand we shall
find from Exodus what must have been the maximum value among the Hebrews
at a comparatively late date. As the Punic ox cannot have been worth less
than 1350 grs. of silver, and the Hebrew not more than 1760 grs., it is
almost certain that the value of the ox at Carthage lay between these
limits.
The pieces of silver mentioned in the inscription are probably ordinary
silver didrachms of the Attic standard. The Carthaginians had coined
silver in Sicily on the Attic standard from about 410 B.C., but issued
no silver coins at Carthage itself until after the acquisition of the
Spanish Silver Mines (241 B.C.), although gold, electrum, and bronze
coins were minted. In Greece Proper in the 4th century B.C. gold was to
silver as 10:1; we may therefore not be far wrong if we assume a similar
ratio between the metals to have held at Carthage about the same period.
That silver was scarce is shown by the fact that they did not coin it,
although issuing gold, electrum and bronze. Ten silver didrachms would
therefore = 1 gold didrachm of 135 grs., which is of course our ox-unit.
This is a remarkable result, and of itself would make one believe that
the sum represents the real value of an ox, which the practice at Eryx
puts beyond doubt. We know that at Athens the people who were bound to
provide the public sacrifices supplied very wretched oxen, so we need not
be surprised to find precautions taken by the priests of Baal to ensure
that proper animals should be provided for the altar, especially as they
themselves got a share of the flesh.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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