The Origin of Metallic Currency and Weight StandardsRidgeway, William
History
The Origin of Metallic Currency and Weight Standards
Ridgeway, William
Money -- Origin; Weights and measures -- History
There are in the Shayast-la-Shayast various lists of sins and good works.
These sins or good works are put in the golden balance and weighed, in
which case the _stir_ is a weight, whilst in other cases we have a money
evaluation. As much confusion arises from variations in the lists, it
will be best to tabulate the different lists, and thus get a synoptic
view of the whole.
On looking at the table, we find that all our authorities are in complete
harmony as to the amounts of the last five; Aredûs is 30 _stirs_, Khôr
= 60, Bâzâî = 90, Yât = 180, and Tanâpûhar = 300 _stirs_. Let us first
consider these. We must remember that on the third night after death the
soul is judged by having its sins and good works weighed, and according
as the one or other predominates, is the ultimate destiny of the soul
foul or fair. It is thus essentially a scale of _weights_, not of
_coins_. The arrangement of the numbers at once speaks for itself. 30
_stirs_ = ½ _mina_ on the Babylonian system, as will be seen on p. 251.
60 _stirs_ (Khôr) = 1 _mina_, 90 _stirs_ (Bâzâî) = 1½ _minae_, 180 (Yât)
= 3 _minae_, and finally we get 300 _stirs_ (Tanâpûhar) = 5 _minae_.
What then is the weight of the _stir_? It is none other than the light
Babylonian shekel (130 grains Troy).
Now let us approach the bewildering tangle of the first four degrees.
It is evident that there are mistakes of numerals in some cases, e.g.
in Column I., where the Agerept and Avoîrîst are made equal, both being
only ⅟₁₆ of the first degree or Farmân, and also in Col. II. we have the
Agerept greater than the Avoîrîst and Aredûs. But in Columns III. IV. and
V. we get some elements of regularity. Two of them at least introduce
coined money, thus giving us an indication that it is owing to the
constant effort to make the lower weight conform to the monetary units
of the various periods at which the Commentaries were written that the
confusion has in great part arisen. We find the Farmân = 3 _dirhams_ of 4
_mads_, to 3 coins of 5 annas, and to 3½ coins. Dr West, calculating the
anna on the basis of the old rupee of Guzarat (Pt. III., p. 180), makes
the coin of Col. IV. = 50 grains Troy, the old rupee being less than its
present weight (180 grains). The Farmân in this case is 150 grains. The
3 _dirhams_ of 4 _mads_ each probably are the same in amount. So too
are the three coins and a half of Col. IV. In which case each coin must
weigh 43 grains (150 ÷ 3½ = 42⁶⁄₇), that is the regular weight of the
_dirhams_ struck by the Arab conquerors of Persia. Comparing Cols. III.
and IV., we shall find the Agerept worth respectively 53 _dirhams_ and 16
_stirs_, the Avoîrîst set at 73 _dirhams_ and 25 _stirs_. We find then a
very close approximation in comparative values. The same proportion for
all practical purposes exists between the coin of 5 annas (50 grains)
and the coin of 43 grains, as between the 53 _dirhams_, and 16 _stirs_
and 73 _dirhams_ and 25 _stirs_. But it is evident that in Col. III. the
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