on between the commercial tribes and foreigners, the Chinese weights, though occasionally under native names, are constantly referred to. The lowest of these, called sometimes by the native name of Bungkal, but more frequently by the Chinese name of Tahil [_tael_], varies from twenty-four pennyweights nine grains to thirty pennyweights and twenty grains. Ten of these make a _kati_ [_catty_] or about twenty ounces avoirdupois; one hundred _katis_ make a _pikul_ or 133⅓ lbs. avoirdupois, and thirty _pikuls_ make one _koyan_. Of these the _kati_ and the _pikul_, because they are constantly referred to in considerable mercantile dealings, are the only well-defined weights. The _koyan_ by some is reckoned at twenty _pikuls_, by others at twenty-seven, twenty-eight and even at forty. The Dutch are fond of equalizing it with their own standards and consider it as equal to a _last_ or two tons. “The _Bahara_, an Arabic weight, is occasionally used in the weighing of pepper, but its amount is very indefinite, for in some of the countries of the Archipelago it amounts to 396 lbs., and in others to 560 lbs.” Elsewhere he says[226], “The _picul_ is strictly a Chinese weight as its amount shews, though the term happens in this case to be native. Its meaning in the vernacular languages is a natural load or burthen, and when used in this primitive sense it, without reference to the Chinese weight, is not found to exceed eighty pounds avoirdupois.” This is a fact of great importance as we shall see when we come to the development of the _mina_ and _talent_ of Graeco-Asiatic commerce. Finally Crawfurd says, “The nice question of weighing gold, the only native commodity which could not be estimated by tale or bulk, has given rise to the use of weights among the natives themselves. Grains of rice are still occasionally used in the weighing of gold in the neighbourhood of the gold mines in Sumatra” (p. 274).