8 _trasareṇus_ = 1 _likshá_, or minute poppy-seed. 3 _likshás_ = 1 _raja-sarshapa_, or black mustard-seed. 3 _raja-sarshapas_ = 1 _gaura-sarshapa_, or white mustard-seed. 6 _gaura-sarshapas_ = 1 _yava_, or middle-sized barley-corn. 3 _yavas_ = 1 _kṛishnala_, or seed of the _gunjá_. But as we want to learn what was the actual usage of the Hindus, instead of dealing with the mere theoretic statements of late authors, I shall at once quote in full the tables given in the _Līlāvati_ of Brahmegupta, who wrote his Algebra and Arithmetic about 600 A.D.[232] MONEY (_by tale_). Twice ten cowries[233] are a _cácíní_; four of these are a _pána_, sixteen of which must here be considered as a _dramma_, and in like manner a _nishká_ as consisting of sixteen of these. WEIGHT. A _gunjá_ (or seed of _Abrus_), is reckoned equal to two barley-corns (_yavas_). A _valla_ is two _gunjás_ and eight of these are a _dharana_, two of which make a _yadyanaca_. In like manner one _dhataca_ is composed of fourteen _vallas_. Half ten _gunjás_ are called a _másha_ by such as are conversant with the use of the balance; a _karsha_ contains sixteen of what are called _máshas_, a _pala_ four _karshas_. A _karsha_ of gold is named _suvarṇa_. This is quite in harmony with the _weight_ of _gold_ as given by the legislators: 5 _kṛishnalas_ or _raktikas_ = 1 _másha_. 16 _máshas_ = 1 _karsha_, _aksha_, _tolaka_, or _suvarṇa_. 4 _karshas_ or _suvarṇas_ = 1 _pala_ or _nishká_. 10 _palas_ = 1 _dharana_ of gold. Yájnavalkya adds that according to some 5 _suvarṇas_ = 1 _pala_. All the authorities seem agreed in regarding the term _suvarṇa_ as peculiar to gold, for which metal it is also a name. We learn thus that the Hindu standards were fixed by means of natural seeds, and at no period do they, clever mathematicians as they were, seem to have made any effort at obtaining a mathematical basis for their metric systems. We also observe that the weight known as the _suvarṇa_ or _gold_ weight _par excellence_ is the weight of a _karsha_ or 80 _gunjás_, which, if we take the _gunjá_ = 1·75 grains Troy, gives the weight of the _suvarṇa_ as 140 grains. I have already (p. 127) taken the original Hindu gold unit as not far from this amount. From the _Līlāvati_ we may now with little misgiving assume it to have been such.