[51] (_p. 31_). Cf. Discours préliminaire to the _Traités de Législation_, also the section “De l’influence des temps et des lieux en matière de législation” of that work. [52] (_p. 31_). _Philos. Versuch über die Wahrscheinlichkeiten von Laplace_, translated from the sixth edition of the original text by N. Schwaiger, Leipzig, 1886, p. 93 seq. (Application of the calculation of probabilities to moral science.) [53] (_p. 32_). Cf. _Allg. Juristenzeitung_, vii. p. 171; _Zweck im Recht_, vol. ii. p. 118; 122 seq. [54] (_p. 33_). _Grundlegung zur Physik der Sitten._ Cf. above note 14, p. 49. [55] (_p. 34_). Cf. e.g. the Meno dialogue. [56] (_p. 34_). Friedr. Alb. Lange, _Logische Studien, ein Beitrag zur Neubegründung der formalen Logik und der Erkenntnislehre_. Iserlohn, 1877. [57] (_p. 34_). Alex. Bain, _Logic_, pt. 1. Deduction. London, 1870, p. 159 seq. [58] (_p. 35_). e.g. Bentham, also, in antiquity, Epicurus. [59] (_p. 35_). e.g. Plato and Aristotle, and following them Thomas Aquinas. [60] (_p. 35_). The Stoics, and in the Middle Ages, the followers of Scotus. [61] (_p. 36_). This even Epicurus did not deny (little in harmony as it is with his utterance quoted p. 54). [62] (_p. 36_). _Nic. Ethics_, I. i. [63] (_p. 36_). _Metaph._ Δ 10. [64] (_p. 36_). _Metaph._ Δ 10. [65] (_p. 36_). They made the relation to the greater whole serve as an argument in favour of the view that the practical life (of the politician) stands higher than that of the theorist. [66] (_p. 36_). This testimony to the principle of summation likewise reappears as often as in a theory based upon egoistic and utilitarian grounds, the notion of God is employed in the construction of ethics (e.g. Locke; Fechner in his work on the highest good; cf. also for Leibnitz, Trendelenburg, _Histor. Beiträge_, vol. ii. p. 245). God, so runs their argument, loves each of His creatures, and therefore their totality more than the single individual; He therefore approves and rewards the sacrifice of the individual to the whole, while disapproving and punishing self-seeking injury.