Nothing has so stopped the progress of Darwin’s great conception as
the injudicious efforts of his so-called disciples to bring it to
perfection. Instead of correcting their chief, they should have weighed
thoughtfully all Kant’s arguments against the materialism of his
adversaries, and have sought to refute them; if they had succeeded in
proving that Kant makes a mistake when he admits that there is in man a
principle quite distinct from his body, they would have been authorised
in replacing Darwin’s theory by their own; if they had not succeeded,
Darwin and his theory would have remained unshaken, but they would be
annihilated.
Max Müller examines the question from another point of view. “We admit
that as we know nothing, except by analogy, of the mind of animals,
we could not with the weapons that Kant has placed in our hands, make
head against the assertion that they might possess, for all we know,
the same forms of sensuous intuition and the same categories of the
understanding which we possess. Nothing, therefore, could have been
said from a purely philosophical point of view, against treating man
as a mere variety of some other genus of animals.”[65] But as the
origin of language was to Kant less than a secondary question--it
might almost be said to have no existence for him--it belongs to the
science of language to show, what Kant had never shown, that for all
human knowledge not only were percepts and concepts necessary, but also
names. How was it that it did not occur to Kant since he perceived that
there were mathematics of the forms or manifestations of sensation,
namely, time or duration and space? He said well: Each object of which
we think is attached in time or space to another; this can only be done
by the use of such indications as _now_, _then_, _here_, _there_; and
he saw in this gradation of perception, the first step towards the act
of counting, that is to say of reasoning, and consequently of speaking;
all of which was comprehended by the Greeks in their word Logos. As
an instance the word _cent_ exists in every language, but _cent_ in
French consists only of four letters placed side by side one after the
other, and would never be anything else to us if we could not count;
but to count is to add and to take away, that is to say, addition and
subtraction, thus to conceive and name; in order to possess a hundred
objects, it does not suffice to see them only, it is necessary to count
them up to the hundred.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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