Archaeology; Civilization, Ancient; Despotism; Greece -- History -- To 146 B.C.; Wealth
Both in date and in character the corresponding period at Rome to the
age of the tyrants in Greece is that which is occupied by the reigns of
the Tarquins. The first king of this dynasty, Tarquinius Priscus, is
said to have been the son of a rich Corinthian named Demaratus. Early in
life the first of the Tarquins had settled in Rome. It was by means of
his wealth that he secured the throne. Both he and his father are said
to have been great employers of labour, and the accounts imply that
their employees were free men. Servius Tullius, who succeeded Tarquinius
Priscus, is said to have been the first at Rome to strike coins, and to
have secured the support of the poor by gifts and benevolences. When the
last of the Tarquins, Tarquinius Superbus, overthrew Servius Tullius and
secured the throne, he did so by buying up the poorest of the common
people. After his succession he is described as employing Etruscans and
Roman citizens on a large scale as artizans and quarrymen. He loses the
throne when he can no longer pay these employees.
During the first century of the republic the established government
several times thought itself threatened with attempts to restore the
kingship. In each case it is the wealth or the exceptional financial
position of the suspected person that causes the alarm. Early republican
statesmen are repeatedly reported as charging the Tarquins with having
degraded Roman citizens (from their natural position as soldiers and
gentlemen) into tradesmen and artizans, a charge which implies the
reverse change as having accompanied the change from kingly government
to republican. The final blow to the monarchist movement at Rome seems
to have been dealt when army pay was instituted, and the government as
paymaster of the army became the greatest employer of paid free labour
in the state.
One later attempt to establish a tyranny at Rome has been suspected by
Mommsen. The man he suspects of it is Appius Claudius Caecus, the censor
of 312 B.C. Appius was noted for the number of his clients and the great
public works that he conducted, and he probably had a close connexion
with the first real coinage struck by Rome. Attention has also been
drawn to the accounts of the secessions, with their curious resemblances
to modern strikes and their implication of organization on the part of
labour. At Ardea in North Latium about the year 440 B.C. the
working-classes are described as playing a decisive part in the struggle
for supreme power. At Veii in the year 400 B.C. we are told of a rich
employer who became king of his city.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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