In other cases a portion of the optic ganglion remains at the surface, when the brain sinks inwards, in close contiguity to the epidermal sense-cells which form the retina; a tract of fibres connects this optic ganglion with the underlying brain, and is known as the optic nerve. Such a retina may be called a compound retina and characterizes the lateral eyes of both crustaceans and vertebrates. Also, owing to the method of formation of the retina by invagination, the cuticular surface of the retinal sense-cells, from which the rods are formed, may be directed towards the source of light or away from it. In the first case the retina may be called upright, in the second inverted. Such inverted retinas are found in the vertebrate lateral eyes and in the lateral eyes of the arachnids, but not of the crustaceans. The evidence shows that all the invertebrate median eyes possess a simple upright retina, and in structure are remarkably like the right median or pineal eye of Ammocoetes; while the lateral eyes possess, as in the crustaceans, an upright compound retina, or, as in many of the arachnids, a simple inverted retina. The lateral eyes of the vertebrates alone possess a compound inverted retina. This retina, however, is extraordinarily similar in its structure to the compound crustacean retina, and these similarities are more accentuated in the retina of the lateral eye of Petromyzon than that of the higher vertebrates. The evidence afforded by the lateral eye of the vertebrate points unmistakably to the conclusion that the ancestor of the vertebrate possessed both crustacean and arachnid characters--belonged, therefore, to a group of animals which gave rise to both the crustacean and arachnid groups. This is precisely the position of the Palæostracan group, which is regarded as the ancestor of both the crustaceans and arachnids. {118}In two respects the retina of the lateral eyes of vertebrates differs from that of all arthropods, for it possesses a special supporting structure, the Müllerian fibres, which do not exist in the latter, and it is developed in connection with a tube, the optic diverticulum, which is connected on each side with the main tube of the central nervous system. These two differences are in reality one and the same, for the Müllerian fibres are the altered lining cells of the optic diverticulum, and this tube has the same significance as the rest of the tube of the nervous system; it is something which has nothing to do with the nervous portion of the retina but has become closely amalgamated with it. The explanation is, word for word, the same as for the tubular nervous system, and shows that the ancestor of the vertebrate possessed two anterior diverticula of its alimentary canal which were in close relationship to the optic ganglion and nerve of the lateral eye on each side.