It is clear from these observations of Schimkéwitsch, that the essential part of the entosternite consists of two lateral trabeculæ, which were originally tendinous in nature and have become of the nature of cartilaginous tissue by the increase of cellular elements in the matrix of the tissue: these two trabeculæ function as supports for the attachment of muscles, which are specially attached at certain places. At these places transverse fibres belonging to some {145}of the muscular attachments cross between the two longitudinal trabeculæ, and so form the transverse trabeculæ. I entirely agree with Schimkéwitsch that the nests of cartilage-cells are much more extensive in, and indeed nearly entirely confined to, these two lateral trabeculæ in the entosternite of Hypoctonus. Ray Lankester describes in the entosternite of Mygale peculiar cell-nests strongly resembling those of Hypoctonus, and he also states that they are confined to the lateral portions of the entosternite. From this evidence it is easy to see that that portion of the basi-cranial skeleton known as the trabeculæ may have originated from the formation of cartilage in the plastron or entosternite of a palæostracan animal. Such an hypothesis immediately suggests valuable clues as to the origin of the cranium and of the rest of the basi-cranial skeleton--the parachordals and the auditory capsules. The former would naturally be a dorsal extension of the more membranous portion of the plastron, in which, equally naturally, cartilaginous tissue would subsequently develop; and the reason why it is impossible to reduce the cranium into a series of segments would be self-evident, for even though, as Schimkéwitsch thinks, the plastron may have been originally segmented, it has long lost all sign of segmentation. The latter would be derived from a second entosternite of the same nature as the plastron, but especially connected with the auditory apparatus of the invertebrate ancestor. The following out of these two clues will be the subject of a future chapter. In our search, then, for a clue to the origin of the skeletal tissues of the vertebrate we see again that we are led directly to the palæostracan stock on the invertebrate side and to the Cyclostomata on that of the vertebrate; for in Limulus, the only living representative of the Palæostraca, and in Limulus alone, we find a skeleton marvellously similar to the earliest vertebrate skeleton--that found in Ammocoetes. Later on I shall give reasons for the belief that the earliest fishes so far found, the Cephalaspidæ, etc., were built up on the same plan as Ammocoetes, so that, in my opinion, in Limulus and in Ammocoetes we actually possess living examples allied to the ancient fauna of the Silurian times. {146}SUMMARY.