{297}In the figures, the hard cartilage is coloured purple, the soft cartilage blue, and the muco-cartilage red, so that the position of this bar is well shown. This bar may be looked upon as bearing the same relation to the muco-cartilaginous plate of the lower lip as the opercular bar does to the muco-cartilaginous plate over the thyroid; and seeing that these two plates form one continuous ventral head-shield of muco-cartilage (Fig. 118, B), and also that this bar fuses with the opercular bar, we may conclude that the segment represented by the lower lip is closely connected with the hyoid or opercular segments. In other words, if the lower lip arose from the metastoma, then this pair of skeletal bars might be called the metastomal bars, which formed the supporting skeleton of the last pair of prosomatic appendages and, as is likely enough, arose in connection with the posterior lateral horns of the plastron; these posterior lateral horns, like the rest of the plastron, would give rise to hard cartilage, and so form in Ammocoetes the two lateral so-called pterygoid projections. In the branchial region the muscles which marked out each branchial segment were of two kinds--ordinary striated visceral muscles and tubular muscles. Of these the former represented the dorso-ventral muscles of the branchial appendages, while the latter formed a separate group of dorso-ventral muscles with a separate innervation which may have been originally the segmental veno-pericardial muscles so characteristic of Limulus and the scorpions. In Figs. 116, 117, the grouping of these muscles in each branchial segment is well shown, and it is immediately seen that the hyoid segment possesses its group of striated visceral muscles (_m_3_) supplied by the VIIth nerve in the same manner as the posterior groups, as has already been pointed out by Miss Alcock in her previous paper. Passing to the segment in front, Fig. 116 shows that the group of visceral muscles (_m_2_) corresponds in relative position with respect to the metastomal bar to the hyoid muscles with respect to the opercular bar or to the branchial visceral muscles with respect to each branchial bar. What, then, is this muscular group? The series of sections show that these are the dorso-ventral muscles belonging to the lower lip, which, as seen in Fig. 119 (_M._), form a well-marked muscular sheet, whose fibres interlace across the mid-ventral line of the lower lip. This group of lower lip-muscles is very suggestive, for these muscles arise, not from the trabeculæ, but from the front dorsal region of the cranium, just in front of the two lateral {298}eyes. In Fig. 117 the dorsal part is seen cut across on its way to its dorsal attachment. Such an origin is reminiscent of the tergo-coxal group of muscles, arising, as they do, from the primordial cranium and the tergal carapace, and suggests at once that when the chilarial appendages expanded to form a metastoma, their tergo-coxal