THE ITALIAN PORTRAITS-- INTRODUCTION 54 ARTISTS AND MUSICIANS 56 POETS AND DRAMATISTS 69 SOLDIERS AND STATESMEN 76 PRELATES AND THEOLOGIANS 78 KINGS AND QUEENS 79 THE FRENCH PORTRAITS-- INTRODUCTION 80 ARTISTS AND MUSICIANS 83 POETS AND DRAMATISTS 91 SCIENTIFIC MEN AND WRITERS 98 SOLDIERS AND STATESMEN 109 PRELATES AND THEOLOGIANS 121 KINGS AND QUEENS 124 THE GERMAN PORTRAITS-- INTRODUCTION 134 ARTISTS AND MUSICIANS 136 POETS AND DRAMATISTS 145 SCIENTIFIC MEN AND WRITERS 149 SOLDIERS AND STATESMEN 157 PRELATES AND THEOLOGIANS 162 KINGS AND QUEENS 163 THE ENGLISH PORTRAITS-- INTRODUCTION 168 ARTISTS AND MUSICIANS 169 POETS AND DRAMATISTS 179 SCIENTIFIC MEN AND WRITERS 188 SOLDIERS AND STATESMEN 202 PRELATES AND THEOLOGIANS 218 KINGS AND QUEENS 220 INTRODUCTION. Portraiture is associated with the earliest attempts at representing living objects, both in sculpture and in painting. Even amongst savages we find resemblances, carved or painted, or both, of the human form, generally grotesque, but always presenting an idea of Art. With the advance of civilization, the demand for portraits increased, as the knowledge of the means available for painting and sculpture improved. Men in authority, or possessed of great wealth, or renowned by deeds of arms and feats of strength, became the first subjects for the art.