[186-2] _Ency. Brit_., vol. i. p. 832; "In him [Franklin] was the focus of the federating impulses of the time. . . . He was, first of men, broadly interested in all the colonies, and in his mind the future began to be comprehended in its true perspective and scale; and for these reasons to him properly belongs the title of 'the first American.'" [186-3] H.E. Egerton, _Federations and Unions within the British Empire_, Oxford, 1911, p. 16. [187-1] C.A.W. Pownall, _Thomas Pownall_, London, 1908, pp. 50-51. [187-2] _Ibid.,_ p. 204, and _ante_, p. 186, note 1. One of Franklin's cleverest hoaxes was, "An Edict of the King of Prussia," 1773, proclaiming that the island of Britain was a colony of Prussia, having been settled by Angles and Saxons, having been protected by Prussia, having been defended by Prussia against France in the war just passed, and never having been definitely freed from Prussia's rule; and that, therefore, Great Britain should now submit to certain taxes laid by Prussia--the taxes being identical with those laid upon American colonies by Great Britain. Cf. _Ency. Brit._, vol. xi. p. 26. [188-1] Thomas Pownall, _The Administration of the Colonies_, 3rd ed. (1766), quoted by C.A.W. Pownall, _Thomas Pownall_, London, 1908, p. 187. [188-2] C.A.W. Pownall, _Thomas Pownall_, London, 1908, p. 187. [188-3] Lord Milner, May 28, 1904, at Navy League Meeting, Johannesburg, in Lord Milner, _The Nation and the Empire_, London, 1913, p. 67. [189-1] C.A.W. Pownall, _Thomas Pownall_, London, 1908, pp. 199-200. [190-1] W. T. Stead, _The Last Will and Testament of Cecil John Rhodes_, London, 1902, p. 78: "Letter of Cecil J. Rhodes dated August 19 and September 8, 1891, to William T, Stead." [190-2] _Ibid._, p, 102. [191-1] R. W. Emerson, _English Traits_, 1856, Boston reprint, 1894, p.261. [192-1] G. R. Parkin, _Imperial Federation_, London, 1892, pp. 71-72. [192-2] Woodrow Wilson, _The State_, 1898, Boston, rev. ed., 1911, p. 454. [192-3] _Ibid._, p. 565. [194-1] When a federation is built from component parts, certain powers are _delegated_ by the parts to the central government. When a federation is made by dividing a unitary government, certain powers are _devoluted_ by the existing government to the parts. [194-2] P. A. Silburn, _Governance of Empire_, London, 1910, p. 210.