[57-2] _Ibid._, vol. xxiii. pp. 109-110. [57-3] _Ibid._, vol. xxiii. p. 110. [57-4] _Ibid._, vol. xxiii. p. 109: "In 1651 Isaac Penington the younger published a pamphlet entitled 'The fundamental right, safety and liberty of the People; which is radically in themselves, derivatively in the Parliament, their substitutes or representatives.'" Cf. _New English Dictionary_, Oxford, 1891, "Representative," where 1658 is mentioned as its first use. [57-5] _Ency. Brit._, vol. xx. p. 835, and vol. ix. p. 491. [57-6] The House of Lords contains a certain representative element in the Irish and Scottish members. These are some only of the peers of their respective countries, and are elected by their fellow peers to seats in the House of Lords--those from Ireland for life, and from Scotland for a session. [58-1] _Ency. Brit._, vol. xii. p. 295. [58-2] _Ibid._, p. 295. [58-3] _Ibid._, vol. xxiii. p. 112. [58-4] _Ibid._, vol. xxiii. p. 112. [59-1] Alfred Caldecott, _English Colonization and Empire_, London, 1891, p. 129. [59-2] Cf. _ante_, p. 56. [60-1] Cf. _post_, p. 109, note 1. [60-2] The variety of uses of the word "constitution" is referred to, _post_, pp. 95-108. [60-3] _Cf._ W.H. Taft, _Popular Government_, New Haven, Connecticut, 1913, pp. 42-95, for a discussion of these three terms. [61-1] C.A.W. Pownall, _Thomas Pownall_, London, 1908, pp. 207-208. [62-1] Recourse to the grave process of impeachment lies outside normal procedure and is here disregarded. [62-2] Cf. _post_, p. 113 _et seq._ [63-1] _Ency. Brit._, vol. xvii. pp. 315, 317; but also cf. _ibid._, vol. ix. p. 488: "It was the first of the many occasions in English history when the demand for reform took the shape of a reference back to old precedents, and now (as on all subsequent occasions) the party which opposed the crown read back into the ancient grants which they quoted a good deal more than had been actually conceded in them." [65-1] W.H. Taft, _Popular Government_, New Haven, Connecticut, 1913, p. 155. [65-2] The exception to this statement is apparent in the British Isles, where suffrage is a national affair, and no federal framework affords a basis for local option on this privilege. [66-1] _Springfield_ (Massachusetts) _Weekly Republican_, November 20, 1913. [67-1] W. B. Worsfold, _The Union of South Africa_, London, 1912, p. 126. [67-2] _Ibid._, pp. 139-140. [67-3] _An Analysis of the System of Government throughout the British Empire_, London, 1912, p. 44. [68-1] _An Analysis of the System of Government throughout the British Empire_, London, 1912, pp. 44-45. [68-2] Edward Jenks, _The Future of British Law: An Inaugural Lecture delivered before the University of Melbourne_, Melbourne, 1889, pp. 6-7. [69-1] W.B. Worsfold, _The Union of South Africa_, London, 1912, p.438. [70-1] A. V. Dicey, "A Common Citizenship for the English Race," in _Contemporary Review_, vol. lxxi., April 1897, p. 469.