1. Silver punch-marked coin. 2. Drachma of Sophytes (Panjab Satrap about time of Alexander). 3. Hemidrachma of Azes. 4. Copper coin of Taxila. 5. Silver Kuninda coin. 6. Stater of Wema Kadphises. 7. Stater of Kanishka. 8. Later Kushan stater. 9. White Hun silver piece. 10. Gadhiya _paisa_. 11. Silver coin of Spalapati Deva, Hindu King of Kabul.] FOOTNOTES: [Footnote 7: See page 166.] CHAPTER XXII ADMINISTRATION--GENERAL ~Panjab Districts.~--The administrative unit in the Panjab is the district in charge of a Deputy Commissioner. The districts are divided into _tahsils_, each on the average containing four, and are grouped together in divisions managed by Commissioners. There are 28 districts and five divisions. An ordinary Panjab district has an area of 2000 to 3000 square miles and contains from 1000 to 2000 village estates. Devon, the third in size of the English counties, is about equal to an average Panjab district. ~Branches of Administration.~--The provincial governments of India are organized in three branches, Executive, Judicial, and Revenue, and a number of special departments, such as Forests and Irrigation. Under "Judicial" there are two subdivisions, civil and criminal. The tendency at first is for powers in all three branches to be concentrated in the hands of single individuals, development tends to specialization, but it is a matter of controversy how far the separation of executive and magisterial functions can be carried without jeopardy to the common weal. ~The Lieutenant Governor.~--At the head of the whole administration is the Lieutenant Governor, who holds office for five years. He has a strong Secretariat to help in the dispatch of business. The experiment of governing the Panjab by a Board was speedily given up, and for sixty years it has enjoyed the advantage of one man government, the Lieutenant Governor controlling all subordinate authorities and being himself only controlled by the Governor General in Council. The independence of the Courts in the exercise of judicial functions is of course safeguarded. ~Official hierarchy.~--The following is a list of the official hierarchy in the different branches of the administration: _A._ Lieutenant Governor. _B._ Five Judges of Chief Court (_j_). _C._ Two Financial Commissioners (_r_). _D._ Five Commissioners, (_e_) and (_r_). _E._ Sixteen Divisional and Sessions Judges (_j_). _F._ Deputy Commissioners, (_e_), (_r_) and (_crim_). _G._ District Judges (_civ_). _H._ Subordinate Judges (_civ_). _J._ Assistant and Extra Assistant Commissioners, (_e_), (_j_) and (_r_). _K._ Tahsildars (_e_), (_r_) and (_crim_). _L._ _Munsifs_ (_civ_). _M._ _Naib-Tahsildars_, (_e_) (_r_) and (_j_). The letters in brackets indicate the classes of functions which the official concerned usually exercises. Translated into a diagram we have the following: Lieutenant Governor Judicial Executive Revenue