~Rights of State in Waste.~--Under Indian rule the State claimed full power of disposing of the waste, and, even where an exclusive right in the soil was not maintained, some valuable trees, e.g. the _deodar_ in the Himalaya, were treated as the property of the Raja. Under the tenure prevailing in the hills the soil is the Raja's, but the people have a permanent tenant right in any land brought under cultivation with his permission. In Kulu the British Government asserted its ownership of the waste. In the south-western Panjab, where the scattered hamlets had no real boundaries, ample waste was allotted to each estate, and the remainder was claimed as State property. ~Kinds of Forest.~--The lands in the Panjab over which authority, varying through many degrees from full ownership unburdened with rights of user down to a power of control exercised in the interests of the surrounding village communities, may be roughly divided into (_a_) Mountain forests; (_b_) Hill forests; (_c_) Scrub and grass _Jangal_ in the Plains. The first are forests of _deodar_, blue pine, fir, and oak in the Himalaya above the level of 5000 feet. The hill forests occupy the lower spurs, the Siwaliks in Hoshyarpur, etc., and the low dry hills of the north-west. A strong growth of _chir_ pine (Pinus longifolia) is often found in the Himalaya between 3000 and 5000 feet. Below 3000 feet is scrub forest, the only really valuable product being bamboo. The hills in the north-western districts of the Panjab and N.W.F. Province, when nature is allowed to have its way, are covered with low scrub including in some parts a dwarf palm (Nannorhops Ritchieana), useful for mat making, and with a taller, but scantier growth of _phulahi_ (Acacia modesta) and wild olive. What remains of the scrub and grass _jangal_ of the plains is to be found chiefly in the Bar tracts between the Sutlej and the Jhelam. Much of it has disappeared, or is about to disappear, with the advance of canal irrigation. Dry though the climate is the Bar was in good seasons a famous grazing area. The scrub consisted mainly of _jand_ (Prosopis spicigera), _jal_ (Salvadora oleoides), the _karil_ (Capparis aphylla) and the _farash_ (Tamarix articulata). ~Management and Income of Forests.~--The Forest Department of the Panjab has existed singe 1864, when the first Conservator was appointed. In 1911-12 it managed 8359 square miles in the Panjab consisting of: Reserved Forests 1844 square miles Protected " 5203 " " Unclassed " 1312 " " It was also in charge of 235 square miles of reserved forest in the Hazara district of the N.W.F. Province, and of 364 miles of fine mountain forest in the native State of Bashahr. In addition a few reserved forests have been made over as grazing areas to the Military Department, and Deputy Commissioners are in charge of a very large area of unclassed forest.