xix : 23. Immutability of psychical predispositions and impulses. See note above. Professor Irving Fisher said, on p. 627 of _National Vitality_, speaking of laws relating to eugenics: “What such laws might accomplish may be judged from the history of two criminal families, the ‘Jukes’ and the ‘Tribe of Ishmael.’ Out of 1,200 descendants from the founder of the ‘Jukes’ through 75 years, 310 were professional paupers ... 50 were prostitutes, 7 murderers, 60 habitual thieves, and 130 common criminals.” Certainly these facts were not all due entirely to identity or similarity of environment. On p. 675 we read: “Similarly, the ‘Tribe of Ishmael,’ numbering 1,692 individuals in six generations, has produced 121 known prostitutes and has bred hundreds of petty thieves, vagrants and murderers. The history of the tribe is a swiftly moving picture of social degeneration and gross parasitism extending from its seventeenth century convict ancestry to the present day horde of wandering and criminal descendants.” See R. L. Dugdale and Oscar C. McCulloch, pp. 154–159. For transmission of opposite tendencies see pp. 675–676, Fisher. The Jukes were a family of Dutch descent, living in an isolated valley in the mountains of northern New York. The Ishmaels were a family of central Indiana which came from Maryland through Kentucky. The Kalikak family is another striking instance. See also Davenport, 1, and the note to p. 226: 7. xxi : 5. Professor Charles B. Davenport says in correspondence: “By the way, it was Judge John Lowell who added ‘free and’ to the words of the Declaration in writing the Constitution of Massachusetts in the latter part of the eighteenth century.” xxiii : 20–25. _A Statistical Account of the British Empire._ J. R. McCulloch, vol. I, pp. 400 seq. CHAPTER I. RACE AND DEMOCRACY 4 : 6. Archbishop Ussher, 1581–1656. See the _New Schaff-Herzog Religious Encyclopedia_; also other religious encyclopedias. Taylor, _Origin of the Aryans_, p. 8. 5 : 15. See Émile Faguet, _Le Culte de l’Incompétence_. 6 : 3. _Cf._ _The Loyalists of Massachusetts_, by James H. Stark. 9 : 7. A good description of conditions is to be found in Bryce’s _The Remarkable History of the Hudson’s Bay Company_, p. 73, all of chapter XLII and elsewhere. 10 : 3 _seq._ Charles B. Davenport, _passim_, has discussed migratory instincts, see especially 1. 10 : 16–17. These conditions are quaintly described in what is known as the _Italian Relation_, translated by Charlotte Augusta Sneyd. See especially pp. 34 and 36. The resulting laws may be found in Sir James Fitzjames Stephen’s _History of the Criminal Law of England_, vol. III, pp. 267 seq.; Pollard’s Political History of England, vol. VI, pp. 29–30; Green’s _History of the English People_, vol. II, pp. 20; and elsewhere. 11 : 3. See the note to p. 79: 15. 11 : 17. See Notes to p. 218: 16.