130 : 5. Rome was sacked by Alaric in 410 A. D., and during the forty years following the German tribes seized the greater part of the Roman provinces and established in them what are known as the Barbarian Kingdoms. Consult Villari, _The Barbarian Invasions of Italy_. 130 : 8 _seq._ See chap. XIII, pp. 242 _seq._, of this book. 130 : 13 _seq._ Ripley, pp. 125–126. The discovery of the Alpine type was the work of Von Baer. 130 : 24. The Iron Age in western Europe. Deniker, 2, p. 315, says: “So also, according to Montelius, the introduction of iron dates only from the fifth or third century B. C. in Sweden, while Italy was acquainted with this metal as far back as the twelfth century B. C. The civilization of the ‘iron age,’ distributed over two periods, according to the excavations made in the stations of Hallstatt (Austria) and La Tène (Switzerland), must have been imported from central Europe into Greece through Illyria. The importation corresponds perhaps with the Dorian invasion of the Peloponnesus.... The Hallstattian civilization flourished chiefly in Carinthia, southern Germany, Switzerland, Bohemia, Silesia, Bosnia, the southeast of France and southern Italy (the pre-Etruscan age of Montelius). The period which followed, called the second, or iron age or the La Tène period, was prolonged until the first century B. C. in France, Bohemia and England. In Scandinavian countries the _first iron age_ lasted until the sixth century, and the _second iron age_ until the tenth century A. D.” Referring to the La Tène period in a footnote, Deniker says: “This term, first used in Germany, is accepted by almost all men of science. The La Tène period corresponds pretty nearly with the ‘Âge Marmien’ of French archæologists and the ‘Late Celtic’ of English archæologists. _Cf._ M. Hoernes, _Urgeschichte d. Mensch._, chapters VIII and IX.” Rice Holmes, 1, p. 231, remarks: “Iron in Britain is hardly older than 500 B. C. (_i. e._ the earliest products of the British iron age were traded in. See p. 229). In Gaul the Hallstatt period is believed to have lasted from about 800 to about 400 B. C.” On p. 126: “It is certain that in the southeastern districts iron tools began to be used not later than the fourth century B. C.” See also Sir John Evans, _Ancient Bronze Implements_, pp. 470–472. Consult especially Déchellette, _Manuel d’archéologie_, t. II, pp. 152 _seq._, on iron in western Gaul during the La Tène period. 130 : 28. La Tène Period. M. Wavre and P. Vouga, _Extrait du Musée neuchatelois_, p. 7; V. Gross, _La Tène, un oppidum helvète_; E. Vouga, _Les Helvètes à La Tène_; and F. Keller, _The Lake Dwellings of Switzerland_. 131 : 3. Montelius suggests this date. Lord Avebury, in _Prehistoric Times_, even goes so far as to suggest 1000 B. C. 131 : 5. Rice Holmes, 2, the footnote to p. 9; Déchellette, _Manuel d’archéologie_, t. II, p. 552.