157 : 10. Umbrians and Oscans. It is fair to assume that some people brought the Aryan languages into Italy from the north, and this introduction is credited to the Umbrians and Oscans. (See Helbig, _Die Italiker in der Poebene_, pp. 29–41; Ridgeway, _Early Age of Greece_; Conway, _Early Italic Dialects_.) The Umbrians and Oscans were closely allied in regard to their language, whatever may have been their ethnic affinities. In a remoter degree they were connected with the Latins. From the time and starting-point of their migrations, as well as from their type of culture, it would appear that they were cognate with the early Nordic invaders of Greece. Whether they were wholly Nordic, or were thoroughly Nordicized Alpines, or merely Alpines with Nordic leaders is not of particular moment in this connection, but if they were the carriers of Aryan language and culture they were Nordicized in a degree comparable to the genuine Nordics who invaded Greece. Giuffrida-Ruggeri, in one of the latest papers on Italy, as well as many earlier authorities, regards the Umbrians as Alpines, but he says they were not all round skulled. “The Osci, the Sabines, the Samnites, and other Sabellic peoples were Aryans or Aryanized, although they inhumated their dead instead of burning them. It is possible that the founders of Rome consisted of both families, as we find both rites in ancient Rome” (p. 100). 157 : 14. Etruscans. The author is familiar with the persistent theory that the Etruscans came from Asia Minor by sea, but he nevertheless regards them as indigenous inhabitants of Italy, that is, the Pre-Aryan, Pre-Nordic Mediterraneans, who, as part of a large and extended group, were spread over a great part of the shores of the Mediterranean, and were at that time the Italian exponents of the prevailing Ægean culture. During the second millennium in which this culture flourished, they were much influenced by Crete, although they developed their civilization along special lines. The Etruscan language, excluding the borrowed elements from later Italic dialects, is apparently in no sense Aryan. _Cf._ Hall, _Ancient History of the Near East_, pp. 53–54. 157 : 16. The date 800 is given by Feist, 5, p. 370. 157 : 18. Livy, V, 33 _seq._, is the authority for the date of the sixth century. See also Polybius, 1, II, c. XVII, § 1. Myers, _Ancient History_, makes the settlement of the Gauls in Italy about the fifth century B. C. Most authorities follow Livy. 157 : 21. To show how approximate the authorities are on this date, Rice Holmes, 2, p. 1, and Myers, _Ancient History_, make it 390, while Breasted gives 382. 157 : 23. Livy, V, 35–49, treats of the taking of Rome by the Gauls. The name Brennus means raven; it is from the Celtic _bran_, raven, crow. 157 : 26. There is a considerable Frankish element there also, among the aristocracy.