Herodotus, I, 215, describes them as follows: “In their dress and mode of living the Massagetæ resemble the Scythians. They fight both on horseback and on foot, neither method is strange to them.... The following are some of their customs,—each man has but one wife, yet all wives are held in common; for this is a custom of the Massagetæ and not of the Scythians, as the Greeks wrongly say. Human life does not come to its natural close with this people; but when a man grows very old, all his kinsfolk collect together and offer him up in sacrifice; offering at the same time some cattle also. After the sacrifice they boil the flesh and feast on it; and those who thus end their days are reckoned the happiest. If a man dies of disease they do not eat him, but bury him in the ground, bewailing his ill fortune that he did not come to be sacrificed. They sow no grain, but live on their herds and on fish, of which there is great plenty in the Araxes. Milk is what they chiefly drink. [_Cf._ the eastern Siberian tribes of the present day.] The only god they worship is the sun, and to him they offer the horse in sacrifice, under the notion of giving to the swiftest of the gods, the swiftest of all mortal creatures.” D’Arbois de Jubainville, 4, t. I, p. 231 declares they were the same as the Scyths. Horse sacrifices are said to prevail among the modern Parses. On the whole, the Massagetæ appear to have been largely Nordic. 259 : 24. Kirghizes. See Zaborowski, 1, pp. 216, 290–291. 259 : 25 _seq._ See the note to p. 119 : 15. 260 : 3. Gibbon, chap. LXIV. Also called the battle of Lignitz. Lignitz is the duchy, and Wahlstatt a small village on the battlefield. 260 : 8. See the notes to pp. 224 : 3 and 259 : 21. 260 : 17. Feist, 5, pp. 1, 427–431, says the Tokharian is related to the western rather than to the Iranian-Indian group of languages, and places the Tokhari in northeast Turkestan. (See the note to p. 119 : 13.) On p. 471 he identifies the Yuë-Tchi and Khang with Aryans from Chinese Turkestan, basing himself on Chinese annals, the date being given as 800 B. C. _Cf._ also the notes to p. 224 : 3 of this book. 260 : 21. See DeLapouge, 1, p. 248; Feist, 5, p. 520. 260 : 29–261 : 5. See Feist, above, in the note to 260 : 17. 261 : 6. Traces. See the note to p. 70 : 12. 261 : 17. Deniker, 2, pp. 407 _seq._; G. Elliot Smith, _Ancient Egyptians_, p. 61; Ripley, p. 450. BIBLIOGRAPHY Abercromby, J. _Bronze Age Pottery_, 1912. Alsina, Juan A. _European Immigration to the Argentine_, 1898. Appian of Alexandria: 1. _De Rebus Hispaniensibus._ 2. _De Bello Annibalico._ 3. _Appian’s Roman History_, with an English translation by Horace White, 2 vols. London, Wm. Heinemann; New York, Macmillan, 1912–1913. 4. _Appiani Historia Romana._ Edidit Ludovicus Mendelssohn. Lipsiæ, Trübner, 1878–1881.