Some pears have an unbroken russet surface as Beurré Bose and Sheldon. Or, the surface may be rough because of minute russet dots or netted veins. With many sorts, the cavity alone is russeted. Sometimes the russet of the cavity is spread out in radiating lines. Nearly all pears have few or many dots on the skin, notes on which may enhance the value of a description. These may be _obscure_ or _conspicuous, large_ or _small_, _raised_ or _sunken_. If visible under the epidermis, they are said to be _submerged_. When star-like, they are called _stellate_. If surrounded by a halo of lighter color, they are said to be _areolar_. In some varieties, the dots are elongated. Very often the dots are russeted. The roughened outer skin, called _scarf-skin_, gives a distinguishing appearance to a few pears. _Cutting pears to show the internal structure._--When varieties cannot be distinguished from external marks, there are several very reliable characters that can be made use of in the internal anatomy of the fruits. To study these it is necessary to make a longitudinal and a transverse section of the pear. To make an accurate examination of the internal structure, the sectioning must be done with a keen, thin knife, with a steady hand, and a good eye. In making the longitudinal section the knife should pass through the center of the calyx, showing the remnants of styles and stamens; through the middle of the core cell, showing the outline of the core cavity; and through the middle of the stem. A true record cannot be obtained, unless the organs named are divided fairly accurately in halves. In making the transverse section, the knife should pass through the widest diameter of the fruit, cutting the core in half. If the core is not in the center of the fruit, trial cuts to locate it must be made that it may be halved exactly. _The stamens, calyx-tube, and styles._--After halving the fruit longitudinally, the first organs to be studied are the stamens, the position of which furnishes reliable taxonomic data in apples and is occasionally worth noting in pears. Passing from the stamens to the calyx-tube, it will be found that the shape of this structure is of some use in separating varieties, although it is exceedingly variable in accordance with the size of the pear, and is materially altered by abnormalities in the fruit. The base of the styles in some varieties develop into fleshy tissue which alters the shape of the calyx-tube. The calyx-tube may be _cone-shaped_, _funnel-shaped_, or _urn-shaped_. When funnel-shaped, the broad upper part is called the _limb_; the narrow lower part, the _cylinder_. In some varieties the remnants of the styles are often more or less fleshy and form a point, called the _pistil point_, which projects into the calyx-tube.