Such proclamation of man’s power to create his own world, the only historical world, was indeed a revolution and Rousseau’s theories, evolved to ensure the liberty of man to arrange society to suit his requirements, are childish compared to this sublime thought of a man who was a Catholic with all the humility and simplicity of a child. The qualities of the historian were in him balanced by those of the jurist and through the researches that were meant to give a philosophy of history he went on building a philosophy of Mind. But before starting to expound the forms of Mind’s activity, for which he claimed the right of historical citizenship, it may be good to note that Vico’s criticism or continuation of previous systems was simply dialectical; inasmuch as he contradicted the main thesis of his favourite authors just as well as those of Descartes, who was his pet aversion, or accepted them to transform them. For instance, he took the Cartesian certitude and opposed it to truth; calling certain that which is the result of particularising knowledge if one may term it so, or of knowledge directed to the particular. And he took the nature of man as Grotius or Hobbes had misunderstood it, a kind of mechanism the laws of which were as fatally unalterable as the instinct of beasts, and changed it into the nature of Mind, quite spiritual and—there is no other word—Christian. Vico turned to the periods of history which were the most remote from the psychology of his time. Consequently he was led to study the inferior forms of mind such as imagination, violence, simplicity; whereas others had meditated only upon the nature of man as they found him refined by Religion and laws, and had grounded their theories on his mature intellect. They ignored the imagination of his youth. They studied his will morally trained and overlooked the wild passions of his forefathers. It is, therefore, legitimate to say that Vico came to reject the basis of man’s natural rights grounded as they were on a false notion of human nature; and gave concrete ground for the assertion of man’s spiritual rights and duties.