Indians of North America -- Religion; Indians of North America -- Rites and ceremonies; Peyotism
[39] Anhalonium means “without salt.” The salt-taboo is a common
Southwestern one, unconnected with peyotism there (e.g., Kroeber,
_The Seri_, 45) but associated in Plains peyotism with such borrowed
Southwestern traits as the water-drum.
[40] Kroeber, _The Arapaho_, 400.
[41] _Idem_, 398. “The slight variations in pattern,” writes Opler of
the Mescalero, “... undoubtedly owe their existence to the fact that
there are a number of peyote shamans, each eager to assert his own
individuality and ‘way’ by some minor departure or ‘rule’.”
[42] The peyote shaman in Mexico was certainly no figurehead, and
the peyote leaders of the Carrizo, Tonkawa, Lipan and Mescalero were
important in preventing rivalry.
[43] The authority of the leader finds ritual reflection throughout the
John Wilson “moon”: e.g., only the leader might smoke and pray, and
others calling for smokes were frowned upon as presumptuous. Further,
John Wilson’s “moon” contains his “grave” alongside that of Jesus Christ,
and his initials W. (Wilson) or M. (Moonhead). The altar, indeed,
represented Moonhead’s face; he even prescribed face-painting styles
with his initials in them. A man equated with Jesus Christ is scarcely a
negligible person. Koshiway (Oto) performed marriages and baptisms and
conducted funerals in the Church of the First-born. The point is just as
well demonstrated by the negative cases of those who aspired to peyote
leadership and failed. Even the local Pawnee President of the Native
American Church, James Sun-eagle, does not lead meetings.
[44] Delaware meetings appear to have had only road-man and fire-guard
(Harrington, _Religion and Ceremonies_, 188) but this may be an error
of omission. The Kiowa, Pawnee, Cheyenne, Iowa, and Taos all have the
“cedar-man” in addition.
[45] Radin, _A Sketch of the Peyote Cult_, 3; _The Winnebago Tribe_, 388.
Densmore (_Winnebago Songs of the Peyote Ceremony_), lists only three
leaders but may not be counting the fireman. See Skinner, _Societies of
the Ioway_, 724; Parsons, _Taos Pueblo_, 62 ff.
[46] Schultes, _Peyote and Plants Used_, 129-31.
[47] Excessive prices for peyote have been reported elsewhere. Mooney
says (_Miscellaneous Notes_, 30) an Oklahoma White dealer once charged 25
cents a button, though they cost him only $5.00 a thousand. Hoebel says a
Comanche once traded a fine horse for five hundred buttons. See Bennett
and Zingg, _The Tarahumara_, 291-92; Lumholtz, _Tarahumari Dances_,
453-55.
[48] Diguet, _Le Peyote et son usage_, 28.
[49] Parsons, _Taos Pueblo_, 60; Bennett and Zingg, _The Tarahumara_,
293, xiv; Mooney, _Miscellaneous Notes_, 60 ff.
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