Indians of North America -- Religion; Indians of North America -- Rites and ceremonies; Peyotism
We have already noted the Huichol-Tarahumari belief that peyote sees and
punishes evil deeds. Similarly, when as an old man Kutubi (Comanche)
became sick he gave his father peyote to Mumsika, reasoning that he had
“probably eaten something peyote didn’t allow”; this is probably the
same father peyote which years before had predicted a bad fate for a war
party. The leader had wept and strenuously upbraided peyote for this and
may later have felt some guilt for his presumptuousness. In any case he
held peyote responsible both times for his bad fortune.
But if peyote is blamed for bad fortune, it is also accredited with
the liquidation of manifold anxieties. Fear of death is perhaps the
most conspicuous anxiety in Plains culture. It is not surprising,
therefore, that doctoring plays a major part in the cult. But the power
and authority of peyote are relied upon in other ways too. In a number
of tribes peyote or peyote tea is used whenever the individual finds
himself confronted with any important personal problem. To be sure, it
is the individual’s _total wishes_ which ultimately find expression in
the course of action followed, but the consultation with peyote composes
conflicts and gives an authority to the decision which the “unaided”
individual might not have been able to summon.[9]
The protective function of the father peyote is most highly
patterned, perhaps, among the Mescalero Apache.[10] In this culture
the aggressions arising from the particular socio-economic system of
marriage find expression in intense witchcraft activity. But for the
typical aggressions which a culture engenders, a culture often has a
patterned solution to offer. For though the means used were magical, the
aggressions and counter-aggressions were _real_ in the psychological
sense, and peyote had a real function in witch-prophylaxis. Shamanistic
rivalry was most virulent and witchcraft-anxiety was correspondingly
as intense as the projected hatreds. One never knew what dangerous and
powerful supernatural possessions a hated rival possessed, hence a
number of protective devices were developed in Mescalero peyotism.[11]
Yet characteristically in this uncomfortable culture, the power of peyote
was itself dangerous, and elaborate care had to be exercised in removing
the fuzz from the top of the buttons before eating. Should it touch the
eyes, it would cause blindness!
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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