Indians of North America -- Religion; Indians of North America -- Rites and ceremonies; Peyotism
It is interesting to note that, as with the Shawnee and others, Pawnee
peyote was early involved in the Ghost Dance excitement. The leader
claimed from peyote the same sort of revelations acquired in the Ghost
Dance trance, and taught that while under the influence of peyote one
could learn the rituals belonging to bundles and societies; in this
manner he himself amassed considerable star lore. One unusual Pawnee
feature was the use of a special Ghost Dance form of painted tipi for
peyote meetings; minor changes were made in the type of drum and rattle
also.[64]
The Potawatomi first had peyote sometime between 1908 and 1914, but
little else is known about it there. Quapaw peyotism derives from the
Caddo-Delaware. The Ree[65] [Arikara] were strongly against the cult, and
it apparently died out among them by 1924. Ed Butler brought Sauk[66]
peyote directly from the Tonkawa:
In the early days women were not allowed to be members, and the
manitou who gave the man this medicine made it a rule that it
should be used [only] in war-time.... It is only a war-bundle
among other tribes.
But the Sauk have been tenacious of their older religion and its
fetishes,[67] though peyotism is now strong among them; indeed, about
1923, attempted affiliation with the Native American Church failed
because five rival chiefs ran different meetings.[68]
The Seminole have started the religion only recently, about the same time
as the Cherokee; they have learned it through the Yuchi, Caddo and Kiowa.
George Anderson (Delaware) brought the Wilson moon to the Seneca in 1907,
when eighteen men and women became members. One of the Seneca had a
Quapaw wife, who gave him the idea of obtaining the moon; they were too
poor to pay Anderson’s usual fee, and merely gave him carfare home.[69]
The Shawnee Jim Clark received peyote from the Comanche in the late
1890’s. Informants say the Shawnee have had peyote as a plant for a long
time, using it to keep from getting tired on the march, for moistening
the mouth when dry-camping and to relieve hunger. The first Absentee
Shawnee meeting was held by the Scotts in 1900, under the tutelage of
the Kickapoo. John Wilson was among the Shawnee about 1894, and George
Fourleaf (Delaware) brought peyote to White Oak from Mexico about 1898.
Ernest Spybuck got his moon from the Delaware near Dewey, while the
Panthers are said to use the Yuchi manner. The majority of the Shawnee,
however, use the standard Kiowa-Arapaho moon. Some Shawnee liken the
leader’s staff to the staff in the Green Corn Dance, and there is a
legend of getting power from peyote which some say was not peyote but
another plant which preceded it.[70]
A Sioux introduced peyote to the Uintah and Ouray Agency.[71] The Ute
around Fort Duchesne have used peyote “on the sly” since before 1916; the
cult was vigorous around Randlette, Utah, by the spring of 1916. Mrs.
Cooke attended a Ute meeting in 1937 about ten miles from Whiterocks; an
informant told her that
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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