The later history of the Church of the First-born was influenced by the interaction of Koshiway and the later-founded Native American Church. At Cheyenne, a little town northwest of Calumet, Oklahoma, a group of Oto, Kiowa and Arapaho had an intertribal conference to decide upon measures of defence for peyotism. Jack took the Oto charter to this conference and explained his solution of the problem. James Mooney at this, or a later conference, was influential in persuading the assembly to adopt this method of organization, but many of the group apparently objected to the element of White religion implied in the title “First-born Church of Christ” and rejected the name. The title ultimately chosen was the “Native American Church,” which emphasized the intertribal solidarity of the cult, as well as its aboriginality. Koshiway’s behavior at this point is interesting. He had not succeeded in making himself the head of the church of his naming as extended in a state-wide organization. As he himself puts it he “began to deny” the First-born Church of Christ, and “joined” the Native American Church, where, though he was less important as an individual, he nevertheless was a member of a larger and more official in-group. He is much amused in his attitude toward the remnants of the Oto church; says he, They were so religious [about smoking]—I converted them, and then they turned around and said I wasn’t right; that’s how peculiar us Indians are! As a matter of fact, however, Koshiway seems to have believed that the true belief about peyote was _a fortiori_ what he, the founder of the church, successively believed. When later he re-introduced the smoking of tobacco into the ceremony, he actually was himself backsliding into the older native custom and retreating from the Russellite-influenced no-smoking rule. The real Puritans, obviously, were the Kansas group who retained the rule. A curious and amusing compensation is evident in the most modern reconstitution of the Oto smoking ceremony: the “shucks” in meetings attended were fully twice as long as those normally used in the Plains rite!