Indians of North America -- Religion; Indians of North America -- Rites and ceremonies; Peyotism
It must not be thought, however, that the bold innovations begun by John
Wilson and others have resulted in a complete chaos of individualism.
It requires considerable prestige and force of personality to vision
a moon impressively enough to gain an adequate following. In recent
years leaders in the Native American Church have expressed themselves
unfavorably on the growing variety and profusion of rival moons, and
have urged a return to the standardized simplicity of the older more
deeply entrenched forms. Perhaps for this reason, and personality factors
as well, several new “moons” have been considerably less than complete
successes. A case in point is that of Albert Stamp (Seminole). His design
is not strikingly original or different from the moons of the Caddo among
whom he lives: he has six concentric lozenges to Hoag’s four and has
added three concentric triangles. That is all. But his moon has not found
acceptance, and he has dismantled his cement altar, removing the entire
central symbolic portion, leaving only the crescent and simple polygonal
apron.[89]
This is only a single instance of a general movement back to more “pure”
original forms, stimulated perhaps by the standardizing influence of
the Native American Church. This sentiment has had its effect even
upon followers of the Wilson Big Moon rite, which is apparently dying
out among the Caddo-Delaware (though still strong among the Osage and
Quapaw), in favor of the “more Caddo” Hoag moon. If a generalization
might be made about the influence of the three tribes most important
in the diffusion of Plains peyotism—the Kiowa, the Comanche and the
Caddo (who because of their southerly position first received the new
religion)[90]—we might call the Kiowa the original standardizers and
teachers, who have departed only in the most minute ways from earlier
forms; the Comanche the proselytizers and missionaries of the new
religion; and the Caddo[91] the innovators.
_Fire._ Nowhere is the kind of wood for the fire ritually prescribed.
Mulberry, slippery elm, cottonwood and black jack are said not to be good
because they pop and give off sparks, tending to scatter the carefully
piled-up ashes. Red bud, which gives off much light and little heat,
is a favorite for summer use, while box alder is considered good for
winter. But “Grandfather Fire” (as the Delaware, Winnebago, Kickapoo and
Shawnee address it) is built in a ritually prescribed way, like the angle
of a worm-fence with the apex to the west. The Shawnee say the first
four sticks represent tipi poles. The ritual number of peyotism, seven,
appears in the number of sticks prescribed for the Northern Cheyenne and
Taos.[92]
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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