[3] Montero y Vidal recounts (_Hist. de la pirateria_, i, pp. 146-150) the piratical raids made about this time by the Joloans and Mindanaos. When they saw that the fort at La Caldera was abandoned, they collected a force of three thousand men, in fifty caracoas, and (July, 1599) invaded the coasts of Cebu, Negros, and Panay, ravaging with fire and sword, and carrying away eight hundred captives. In the following year these Moros came against the Spanish settlement of Arevalo (now Iloilo), in Panay, with eight thousand men; but they were repulsed by a handful of Spaniards, aided by a thousand Indian allies. Gallinato led an expedition (February, 1602) against the Joloans, inflicting considerable loss on them, but was unable to reduce their forts; and he was compelled, by lack of supplies, to return to Manila. In the summer of 1602 another Moro expedition sallied out from Mindanao and harried all the northern islands, even attacking Luzon; they carried away much booty and many captives. A partial punishment was inflicted upon them by Spanish expeditions, but they were not subdued; and the Moro pirates were a constant source of terror and danger until recent times. [4] Each paragraph is accompanied in the original MS. by a marginal note summarizing its contents; this is here omitted, as containing no additional information. [5] This decree was issued at Lisbon, March 31, 1582, by Felipe II; a copy of it (addressed to Penalosa) appears in the MS. from which we have obtained this group of documents on the Maluco expedition. A royal decree dated June 22, 1599, orders that all military expeditions in the islands thereafter must be sanctioned by the council of war, the cabildo of Manila, and the Audiencia. [6] In 1526, the cabildo of the City of Mexico gave permission for the citizens "to have their tepuzque gold converted at the smelting works" into coin. "For two years oro tepuzque was exclusively used, and the intrinsic value fluctuated so much that a standard was demanded. In September, 1528 the cabildo adopted the resolution that all such money should be examined and stamped." See Bancroft's _Hist. Mexico_, iii, p. 669. [7] Spanish, _quando lo que se mada es cosa muy conueniente a la Republica._ The context would apparently require _inconueniente_, "injurious to the commonwealth;" there is apparently this typographical error of omission in the original printed text. [8] The president and members of a tribunal of commerce, appointed to try and decide causes which concern navigation and trade. [9] Children resulting from the unions between Chinese and Indians are known as zambaigos. [10] In 1603 Monterey, then viceroy of Nueva Espana, was promoted to the viceroyalty of Peru. The salaries of these offices were respectively twenty thousand and thirty thousand ducats (Bancroft's _Hist. Mexico_, iii, p. 2). [11] The "piece of eight" was a coin having the weight and value of eight reals of silver; the "piece of four," one of half that value.