[36] Cosmo de Torres was born in 1510 at Valencia; he departed for India in 1538, and was admitted to the Jesuit order by St. Francis Xavier, on March 20, 1548. He was afterward sent to Japan, where he began the work of christianizing that people. He died on October 10, 1570, after a long and arduous missionary career. (Sommervogel's _Bibliotheque_, viii, p. 112.) St. Francis Xavier's ministry in the Indias and Japan began in 1542, and lasted ten years; he died on December 2, 1552. [37] The name "Philipinas" was given to the islands by Villalobos, and confirmed by Felipe II in a decree dated at Valladolid, and directed to the viceroy of Nueva Espana, Don Luis de Velasco, September 24, 1559.--_Pablo Pastells, S.J._ [38] The others were Andres de Urdaneta, Andres de Aguirre, Diego de Herrara, Pedro de Gamboa. The sixth died at the port of Navidad. Father Rada also died at sea, while returning to Manila from an expedition to Borneo. Felipe II ordered his manuscripts to be collected and preserved in the archives.--_Pablo Pastells, S.J._ [39] See description of this incident, and illustration presenting a view of the image (which is still in existence), in _Vol_. II of this series, pp. 120, 217. [40] See Loraca's account of the beliefs of the Moros, _Vol_. V, pp. 171-175. [41] An account of the festivities held in Manila in 1623 on the occasion of the accession of Philip IV to the Spanish crown, includes the mention of bull-fights. The festivities were attended by the entire town, civil and political. This account, which contains valuable social observations, is an extract from a manuscript owned by the Compania general Tabacos de Filipinas, Barcelona, and was published privately (1903) in an edition of 25 copies by Senor Don Jose Sanchez Garrigos. It will be presented in this series, if space will permit. [42] These winds are known as _baguios_ or _tifones_ (English "typhoons"). See full account of them, with diagrams, tables, etc. (prepared largely from data and reports furnished by the Jesuit fathers in the Manila observatory), in U.S. Philippine Commission's _Report_, 1901, iv, pp. 290-344. [43] Diego Vazquez de Mercado, later archbishop of Manila.--_Pablo Pastells, S.J._ [44] Regarding this sharpening of the teeth, see Virchow's "Peopling of the Philippines" (Mason's translation), in Smithsonian Institution's _Annual Report_, 1899, pp. 523, 524. Jagor says--_Travels in the Philippines_ (London, 1875), p. 256: "The further circumstance that the inhabitants of the Ladrones and the Bisayans possess the art of coloring their teeth black, seems to point to early intercourse between the Bisayans and the Polynesians." The Jesuit Delgado mentions--_Hist. de Filipinas_ (Manila, 1892), p. 328--the custom of adorning the teeth with gold. Cf. Sawyer's _Inhabitants of Philippines_, p. 342.