[12] Latin, _Bacchanalia_. In Latin countries, the three days before Ash Wednesday are given up to boisterous outdoor merriment, which frequently degenerates into coarse and licentious revelry. Hence, the expression "Bacchanalia" Carnival. In order to counteract these abuses, the Jesuits at Macerata in Italy, introduced, in 1556, some special devotions during the three days. The Exposition of the Blessed Sacrament was held in the church, this custom was adopted by St. Charles Borromeo, in Milan; and it gradually extended to other places, and was developed subsequently into "The Devotion of the Forty Hours," which is not confined to the Carnival season. This is the explanation of the term "Bacchanalia," in connection with that church ceremony--_Rev. E.I. Devitt, S.J._ [13] Evidently referring to the capture of van Caerden's fleet by Heredia (see note 26, _post_). [14] Flagellation in the Philippines was a custom probably taken from the early Spanish friars, but it has been so discouraged of late years by the church that it is performed only in the smaller villages of the interior and in the outlying _barrios_ of the larger towns, more or less secretly, away from the sight of white men. Especially is it prevalent during Holy Week. Although the Philippine flagellants are called "_penitentes_" the flagellation is not done in penance, but as the result of a vow or promise made to the diety in return for the occurrence of some wished-for event, and the "_penitentes_" are frequently from the most knavish class. The fulfillment of the vow is a terrible ordeal, and begins back of the small chapel called "_visita_" that exists in every village. The "_penitente_" wears only a pair of loose thin white cotton trousers, and is beaten on the back by another native first with hands and then with a piece of wood with little metal points in it until the blood flows freely. Thus he walks from _visita_ to _visita_, with covered face, beating himself with a cord, into the end of which is braided a bunch of sticks about the size of lead pencils. He prostrates himself in the dust and is beaten on the back and soles of his feet with a flail. At every stream he plunges into it, and grovels before every _visita_. From all the houses as he passes comes the chant of the Passion. (Lieut. Charles Norton Barney, who was an eye-witness of the flagellation--"Circumcision and flagellation among the Filipinos," in the _Journal_ of the Association of Military Surgeons, September, 1903.)