[100] Ali-Mudin, sultan of Jolo, claimed that he was dethroned by his brother Bantilan, in 1748; and, with the Jesuit missionaries who had just before arrived in Jolo, Ali-Mudin went to Manila. In 1750 he was baptized in the Catholic faith, and was named Fernando I. A Spanish expedition was sent to reinstate him on his throne; but it was found that Ali-Mudin was an apostate and a traitor, and the Spanish governor of Zamboanga seized him and all his family and retinue, sending them to Manila, where they were held as prisoners. All except Ali-Mudin and his heir Israel were sent home in 1755; but these remained captives until 1763, when the English conquerors conveyed them back to Jolo, and Ali-Mudin abdicated his throne in favor of Israel. See Montero y Vidal's _Hist. de pirateria_, pp. 279-299, 307-309, 317-320, 322, 338. [101] This writer was minister-plenipotentiary from Spain to Pekin; and during that term of office made a voyage to Manila, of which this book is a result. [102] _i.e._, those who pay the tax called _polo_--a personal service of forty days in the year; see Montero y Vidal's note, _post_. [103] The services of these municipal officers, which--barring certain abuses, to which their small remuneration and excessive official obligations force them--are of undeniable worth in the Philippines, and their functions, which carry importance and respectability, demand much rather that there be substituted for the ridiculous name of gobernadorcillo, by which they are officially designated, another name more serious and more in harmony with their praiseworthy ministry. This is now being done among themselves in the more enlightened villages, where they are called _capitan_ ["captain"] instead of gobernadorcillo.--_Montero y Vidal_. Cf. Bourne's account of these officials, _Vol_. I, of this series, pp. 55, 56. [104] The Spanish is _paso doble_, a term used also as the name of a dance, the equivalent of the "two-step." [105] This tribute is the contribution that the Indians and mestizos pay in order to aid in the maintenance of the burdens of the state. The _polos_ means the obligation to work a certain number of days in neighborhood works.--_Montero y Vidal_. [106] The tobacco monopoly was arranged by Governor Basco y Vargas in pursuance of a royal order of February 9, 1780. Although opposed by certain classes, especially the friars, the monopoly was organized by March 1, 1782, and approved by royal order May 15, 1784. Under the monopoly, however, quantities of tobacco always escaped the vigilance of the government, and could be bought at much cheaper rates than the government tobacco. The monopoly was repealed in the province of Union October 25, 1852; and in all the archipelago, by a royal order in 1881. The order was applied in the islands in 1882, and the suppression of the monopoly was completed in 1884.