[46] "Patrimonial" apparently refers to imposts for the benefit of the royal estate (patrimonio real); "mixed," to those which are levied for both secular and civil expenses. [47] This was done in the time of Gomez Perez Dasmariñas; see VOL. VIII, p. 169. [48] Francisco de Toledo was viceroy of Peru from November 26, 1569 to September 28, 1581; he was a man of ability, but hard and cruel. He is principally known by his cruel persecution of the Incas and the native religion--putting to death the young and innocent Inca, Tupac Ameru, and many other nobles; and by the code which he issued for the government of the country, called Libro de Tasas ("Book of Rules"). See account of his government in Markham's History of Peru, pp. 148-159. [49] Cañete was viceroy of Peru from January 6, 1590 to July 24, 1596. So great was the demand from the Spanish government for money that Cañete exerted all his efforts to satisfy this claim; and so oppressive were these exactions that rebellions arose, many natives died, and the country was almost ruined. Markham (History of Peru, pp. 161, 162) says that Cañete asked to be relieved, owing to the cares of his office and his broken health; and that Felipe II treated him with shameful ingratitude. [50] That is, assigning to each province its quota of men to be levied for this purpose. [51] Apparently a variant of the modern Silvela (name of the late premier of Spain). [52] Two of the general or oecumenical councils of the Church; that of Vienne was convened in 1311, and that of Trent in 1545. [53] The East India Company of England (formed in 1600) encountered great opposition and hindrances in its early history; they had to compete with the long-established Portuguese and Dutch trade, and could obtain little aid from the English government. In 1619 they formed an alliance with the Dutch company of the same name, but this soon proved ineffective. They had obtained control of Surat in 1612, but were thus involved in continual quarrels with the Portuguese. This company did not secure recognition from the English parliament until 1657; this brought them much prosperity for a time, but they afterward lost much of what they had gained, and in 1680 were expelled by the Dutch from Bantam. See Raynal's account of early English trade in the East Indies, in his History of European Settlements and Trade (Justamond's translation), ii, pp. 1-40. [54] An oversight of the writer; Bantam is in Java, not Sumatra. [55] Presentado: a theologue who, having finished his course of study, expects soon to receive the master's degree. Tercio was formerly sometimes used for tercero--"tertiary," or one who professes the rule of the third order of St. Francis, St. Dominic, or the Carmelites. [56] The Order of Mercy was a military order, founded in 1212 by Jaime of Aragon; it had for its object the redemption of captives from the Moors.