A native cannot own land. He may hold it under certain conditions. What
these are in the tobacco districts has been stated. The regulations
outside these districts are as follows:--
He must plant useful trees, suitable to the soil; raise wheat,
rye, maize, vegetables, cotton, pepper; maintain every species of
appropriate cattle; keep fruit growing in his orchards and around his
house; have at least twelve hens, one cock, and a sucking pig. Failing
in these impossible conditions, the land may be confiscated at the
end of two years.
The missionaries have always helped the natives to divide their farms,
plan their cultivation, and garner their harvests; they introduced
the useful maize and wheat, as well as melons and garden-truck--peas,
beans, cucumbers, onions, and other vegetables. Potatoes are very much
in demand, but, so far, have not been successfully cultivated; being
literally what the Americans call "small potatoes and few in a hill."
Cotton and Indigo-planting.
Cotton is cheaply produced, and in quantities sufficient to supply
the domestic trade. There is no reason why it should not be made a
matter of large foreign export.
Indigo plants grow in the wildest luxuriance throughout the
Philippines. Owing to the richness of the soil but little labor is
required in their cultivation, and annual returns are expected of
50 per cent. on the capital employed. There are people now living
magnificently in Paris and Madrid that owe their revenues to indigo
plantations in the colony; the Alvarado family, for instance, whose
immense estate is on the island of Sámar, and whose income from this
source is nearly $55,000 a year.
There was once a prejudice against Manila indigo among European
purchasers. This, however, has been removed by improved processes and
greater care on the part of growers and manufacturers. The crops
are not so certain as those of hemp, tobacco, or coffee. They
are likely also to be injured by hurricanes and eaten by
caterpillars. Nevertheless, the estate-owners seem to flourish.
The Cocoa Industry.
Cocoa and chocolate are the product of the cacao tree, introduced
early in the history of the islands by missionaries from Mexico. The
fruit is red in color and shaped like a large cucumber. The beans,
or kernels, are arranged in regular rows through the pulp, varying
in size and in number. They average twenty to the single fruit,
and generally have the size, and always the appearance, of almonds,
with hard skins. They are also very bitter. Whether dried in the sun
or roasted in ovens, the process must be done as soon as the fruit is
gathered, else the flavor of the kernel is injured. The beans are very
oily, and in manufacturing cocoa much of the fat is extracted. This
makes the drink more suitable for children and invalids.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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